SUMMARY

The conflict between the forces of Tony Peña Russell and Los Hondureños was rooted in competition for control over drug trafficking routes and territory in Costa Rica. Neither organization issued public statements justifying violence against the other, though the territorial and economic logic of the conflict was well-documented by Costa Rican judicial authorities. Both organizations employed firearms, including high-calibre weapons, with tactics including targeted home raids, drive-by shootings, and contract killings. The fighting took place across the province of Limón, located on the Caribbean coast of the country.

The non-state conflict between the forces of Tony Peña Russell and Los Hondureños is first included in UCDP data in 2024. The 25-death threshold was reached in March of that year.