General information
Part of Conflict: n/a
First Battle Related Death: 1990-07-29
Date when dyad reached 25 battle releated deaths: 1990-07-31
Comment on date when dyad reached 25 battle related deaths: The Government of Mali first became active as a one-sided actor in UCDP data in 1990, when the one-sided violence resulted in over 25 civilian deaths. The threshold was reached in July that year when government forces killed an estimated 94 nomads in In-Abalan.
Conflict issues
Annual information
This section contains annual information systematically collected by the UCDP.
1990
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 262 |
| Best | 125 |
| Low | 125 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Mali): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
1991
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 204 |
| Best | 176 |
| Low | 176 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Mali): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
1992
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 119 |
| Best | 77 |
| Low | 77 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Mali): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
1993
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 3 |
| Best | 0 |
| Low | 0 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Mali): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
1994
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 989 |
| Best | 251 |
| Low | 251 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Mali): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
1995
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 0 |
| Best | 0 |
| Low | 0 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Mali): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2008
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 1 |
| Best | 1 |
| Low | 1 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Mali): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2012
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 19 |
| Best | 19 |
| Low | 19 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Mali): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2013
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 26 |
| Best | 26 |
| Low | 26 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Mali): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2015
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 0 |
| Best | 0 |
| Low | 0 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Mali): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2016
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 7 |
| Best | 7 |
| Low | 7 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Mali): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2017
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 9 |
| Best | 9 |
| Low | 9 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Mali): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2018
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 67 |
| Best | 53 |
| Low | 53 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Mali): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2019
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 24 |
| Best | 0 |
| Low | 0 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Mali): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2020
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 257 |
| Best | 257 |
| Low | 256 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Mali): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2021
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 90 |
| Best | 48 |
| Low | 34 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Mali): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2022
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 303 |
| Best | 275 |
| Low | 275 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Mali): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2023
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 473 |
| Best | 204 |
| Low | 204 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Mali): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2024
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 33 |
| Best | 29 |
| Low | 17 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Mali): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2025
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 132 |
| Best | 109 |
| Low | 88 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Mali): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
Dyad Archive
This section contains annual information no longer systematically collected by the UCDP.
1990 Dyad Archive
Comment on Active: In June 1990 Tuareg rebels initiated armed struggle against the government of Mali. In the weeks after the launch of the rebellion Malian soldiers unleashed a campaign of indiscriminate violence among civilian Tuareg nomads in efforts to end the rebellion and stop civilians supporting it. Many civilians fled up into the hills to escape the massacres.
The most severe one-sided operation took place at In-Abalan in July, where security forces killed an estimated 94 nomads.
Negotiations: NO
Victory: NO
Terminated: NO
1991 Dyad Archive
Comment on Active: During pro-democracy demonstrations in Bamako and provincial cities in March and April 1991, the Malian President Traore ordered security forces to open fire on demonstrators. The violence began when police tried to break-up a student demonstration. In the subsequent turmoil many demonstrators were shot and about 60 persons were killed when soldiers chased protesters into a store and set it ablaze. All in all at least 106 demonstrators were killed.
The carnage resulted in the subsequent overthrow of President Traore, ending his 23-year military-backed regime. In 1993 a Malian court found him, two of his former ministers and the former army chief, guilty for deliberately having caused the death and injuries of opponents during the events in 1991. Traore was condemned to death, but his sentence was later commuted.
The security forces in 1991 also employed one-sided violence against Tuareg and Moorish civilians in the north of Mali. Amnesty International states that this violence was ethnically motivated.
Negotiations: NO
Victory: NO
Terminated: NO
1992 Dyad Archive
Comment on Active: In December 1991 a partial peace agreement was negotiated between the government and the Tuareg rebels. In the early weeks following the subsequent ceasefire, many civilian Tuaregs were killed by government forces. In one attack, approximately three weeks after the ceasefire, soldiers raided a village near Timbuktu and killed the men of the village.
In May, 5 Malians working for a Norwegian charity were killed, together with 5 civilian Tuaregs. The charity workers, some of them Tuaregs, were arrested and taken away by police investigating a raid by Tuareg rebels after which the rebels had stolen vehicles belonging to the charity organisation.
Negotiations: NO
Victory: NO
Terminated: NO
1993 Dyad Archive
Negotiations: NO
Victory: NO
Terminated: NO
1994 Dyad Archive
Comment on Yearly Battle Related Deaths: Many incidents of one-sided attakcs were difficult to verify and could be disputed. Thus, the best and high estimates diverge.
Comment on Active: In 1994 the Tuareg rebellion intensified and so did the retaliatory violence against Tuareg and Moorish civilians by the Malian government forces. The army generally claimed the victims to be rebels; however Amnesty international stated that security forces regularly targeted civilians based solely upon their ethnic origin.
The village of Inelfiss, a religious village near Gao, lead by the respected Muslim scholar Marabout Anara, was attacked by soldiers and inhabitants of Gao in October. More then 50 villagers of the Touareg tribe Kel Essouk were killed in the massacre, including Anara. The villagers were accused of having sheltered a FIAA unit.
Negotiations: NO
Victory: NO
Terminated: NO
1995 Dyad Archive
Negotiations: NO
Victory: NO
Terminated: NO
2008 Dyad Archive
Negotiations: NO
Victory: NO
Terminated: NO
2012 Dyad Archive
Negotiations: NO
Victory: NO
Terminated: NO
2013 Dyad Archive
Negotiations: NO
Victory: NO
Terminated: NO
2015 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
2016 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
2017 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
2018 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
2019 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
2020 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
2021 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
2022 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
2023 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
2024 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
2025 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
