General information
Part of Conflict: n/a
First Battle Related Death: 1989-01-01
Date when dyad reached 25 battle releated deaths: 1991-04-30
Comment on date when dyad reached 25 battle related deaths: The Government of Russia (Soviet Union) first became active as a one-sided actor in UCDP data in 1991, when the one-sided violence resulted in over 25 civilian deaths. The threshold was reached when Soviet forces killed villagers in the context of “Operation Ring”, an operation purportedly conducted to apprehend rebels fighting over the status of Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan.
Conflict issues
Annual information
This section contains annual information systematically collected by the UCDP.
1989
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 35 |
| Best | 21 |
| Low | 20 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
1990
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 0 |
| Best | 0 |
| Low | 0 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
1991
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 54 |
| Best | 33 |
| Low | 33 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
1992
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 1 |
| Best | 1 |
| Low | 1 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
1994
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 12 |
| Best | 12 |
| Low | 12 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
1995
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 2471 |
| Best | 141 |
| Low | 141 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
1996
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 54 |
| Best | 42 |
| Low | 42 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
1997
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 0 |
| Best | 0 |
| Low | 0 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
1999
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 475 |
| Best | 311 |
| Low | 311 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2000
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 1666 |
| Best | 1411 |
| Low | 1384 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2001
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 389 |
| Best | 188 |
| Low | 188 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2002
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 379 |
| Best | 204 |
| Low | 177 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2004
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 20 |
| Best | 18 |
| Low | 18 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2005
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 4 |
| Best | 3 |
| Low | 3 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2006
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 1 |
| Best | 1 |
| Low | 0 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2007
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 6 |
| Best | 6 |
| Low | 6 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2008
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 0 |
| Best | 0 |
| Low | 0 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2009
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 0 |
| Best | 0 |
| Low | 0 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2010
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 5 |
| Best | 5 |
| Low | 5 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2011
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 1 |
| Best | 0 |
| Low | 0 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2012
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 1 |
| Best | 1 |
| Low | 1 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2013
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 4 |
| Best | 4 |
| Low | 4 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2014
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 0 |
| Best | 0 |
| Low | 0 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2015
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 7 |
| Best | 7 |
| Low | 7 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2018
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 0 |
| Best | 0 |
| Low | 0 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2019
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 0 |
| Best | 0 |
| Low | 0 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2020
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 1 |
| Best | 1 |
| Low | 0 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2021
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 0 |
| Best | 0 |
| Low | 0 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2022
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 1691 |
| Best | 1132 |
| Low | 676 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2023
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 417 |
| Best | 314 |
| Low | 13 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2024
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 188 |
| Best | 151 |
| Low | 134 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
2025
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 108 |
| Best | 106 |
| Low | 89 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Russia (Soviet Union)): n/a
Side B (Civilians): n/a
Dyad Archive
This section contains annual information no longer systematically collected by the UCDP.
1989 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
1990 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
1991 Dyad Archive
Negotiations: NO
Victory: NO
Terminated: NO
1992 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
1994 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
1995 Dyad Archive
Comment on Yearly Battle Related Deaths: The difference between the high and the best estimate is due to the lack of reliable sources and/ or the unclear nature of the target of the attacks. For some of the incidents there were only pro-Chechen media reports. In other cases, it was not clear whether the target was military or civilian.
Comment on Active: Federal soldiers deliberately and arbitrarily attacked civilians and civilian dwellings in at least one village by shooting residents and burning houses with flame throwers.
Negotiations: NO
Victory: NO
Terminated: NO
1996 Dyad Archive
Comment on Active: Russian government forces used one-sided violence in the context of the intrastate armed conflict in Chechnya which started in 1994.
Negotiations: NO
Victory: NO
Terminated: NO
1997 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
1999 Dyad Archive
Comment on Yearly Battle Related Deaths: The difference between the high and the best estimate is due to the lack of reliable sources and/ or the unclear nature of the target of the attacks. For some of the incidents there were only pro-Chechen media reports. In other cases, it was not clear whether the target was military or civilian.
Negotiations: NO
Victory: NO
Terminated: NO
2000 Dyad Archive
Comment on Yearly Battle Related Deaths: The difference between the high and the best estimate is due to the lack of reliable sources and/or the unclear nature of the target of the attacks. For some of the incidents there were only pro-Chechen media reports. In other cases, it was not clear whether the target was military or civilian as in the case of several bombings and missile attacks.
Comment on Active: One-sided violence was committed in the context of so-called mop-up operations. Civilians were summary executed by Russian soldiers.
Negotiations: NO
Victory: NO
Terminated: NO
2001 Dyad Archive
Comment on Active: Russian government forces used one-sided violence in the context of the intrastate armed conflict in Chechnya, which had escalated again in 1999.
Negotiations: NO
Victory: NO
Terminated: NO
2002 Dyad Archive
Negotiations: NO
Victory: NO
Terminated: NO
2004 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
2005 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
2006 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
2007 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
2008 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
2009 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
2010 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
2011 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
2012 Dyad Archive
Negotiations: NO
Victory: NO
Terminated: NO
2013 Dyad Archive
Negotiations: NO
Victory: NO
Terminated: NO
2014 Dyad Archive
Negotiations: NO
Victory: NO
Terminated: NO
2015 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
2018 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
2019 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
2020 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
2021 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
2022 Dyad Archive
Comment on Active: In the context of the interstate conflict, the Russian government also carried out widespread violence against civilians and committed violations of the laws of war. Human rights organizations have accused Russian soldiers of rape, summary executions, torture, and forced deportation, and on 17 March 2023, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued an arrest warrant for the Russian president Vladimir Putin. According to the prosecutor general's office in Kyiv, by March 2023 more than 74 500 atrocities have been reported since the war started in February 2022. Russia has repeatedly denied.
Some of the worst massacres of civilians were reported from Bucha, north of Kyiv and Izium, in Kharkiv region during the first months of the war. The scale of civilian suffering under Russian control was not revealed until Ukrainian forces reclaimed these areas, and the number of civilians killed by Russian forces in areas they temporarily controlled is likely to increase as more information becomes available.
Terminated: NO
2023 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
2024 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
2025 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
