General information
Part of Conflict: n/a
First Battle Related Death: 1993-09-13
Date when dyad reached 25 battle releated deaths: 1993-09-15
Comment on date when dyad reached 25 battle related deaths: The non-state conflict between Kuki and Naga is first included in UCDP data in 1993. In September of that year, clashes between the two groups had resulted in more than 25 battle-related deaths.
Conflict issues
Annual information
This section contains annual information systematically collected by the UCDP.
1993
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 383 |
| Best | 211 |
| Low | 211 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Kuki): n/a
Side B (Naga): n/a
1994
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 41 |
| Best | 41 |
| Low | 41 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Kuki): n/a
Side B (Naga): n/a
1995
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 74 |
| Best | 74 |
| Low | 74 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Kuki): n/a
Side B (Naga): n/a
1996
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 0 |
| Best | 0 |
| Low | 0 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Kuki): n/a
Side B (Naga): n/a
1997
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 72 |
| Best | 70 |
| Low | 70 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Kuki): n/a
Side B (Naga): n/a
1998
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 39 |
| Best | 39 |
| Low | 39 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Kuki): n/a
Side B (Naga): n/a
1999
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 10 |
| Best | 10 |
| Low | 10 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Kuki): n/a
Side B (Naga): n/a
Dyad Archive
This section contains annual information no longer systematically collected by the UCDP.
1993 Dyad Archive
Comment on Yearly Battle Related Deaths: The large discrepancy between the low and high number for deaths stems from the difference between the aggregate data provided by the Indian authorities, and those that could be discerned from reported events. Further, it has been hard to discern whether a number of deaths were one-sided violence perpetrated by groups such as NSCN-IM or KNA on civilians or whether they were part of the overall communal violence.
Comment on Active: Violence between the Naga and Kuki intensified significantly in 1993, spreading out from a relatively confined area close to the Indo-Burmese border to most areas of Manipur state with significant Kuki and Naga presence. Further while the violence that did exist in 1992 was mainly perpetrated by organized groups associated with each ethnic group – by 1993, it expanded to engage villagers, transforming in communal violence. Most attacks reported throughout 1993 were assaults on enemy villages, usually involving arson, widespread destruction of property and large scale displacement of civilians. The overall pattern of violence took the form of assaults followed by revenge assaults, aiding to the increase in conflict.
Terminated: NO
1994 Dyad Archive
Comment on Yearly Battle Related Deaths: The large discrepancy between the low and high number for deaths stems from the difference between the aggregate data provided by the Indian authorities, and those that could be discerned from reported events. Further, it has been hard to discern whether a number of deaths were one-sided violence perpetrated by groups such as NSCN-IM or KNA on civilians or whether they were part of the overall communal violence.
Comment on Active: Violence between the Naga and Kuki continued into 1994, being spread throughout Manipur. Patterns of violence remained similar to those observed in 1993, as villagers engaged in various forms of communal violence. Moreover communal violence occured side-by-side with various activities perpetrated by ethnic-based insurgent groups These ethnic insurgent groups, such as NSCN-IM (National Socialist Council of Nagaland - Isaac-Muivah) and KNA (Kuki National Army) targeted not only each-other, but also the opposing ethnic group. Attacks usually took the form of assaults on enemy villages, usually involving arson, widespread destruction of property, and large scale displacement of civilians. The overall pattern of violence took the form of assaults followed quickly by revenge assaults, aiding to the increase in conflict. Various forms of atrocities were also observed, including indiscriminate killings of civilians - one example being a bus full of Nagas being pushed into a ravine by Kuki attackers, with 34 passengers being killed on 19 October 1994.
Terminated: NO
1995 Dyad Archive
Comment on Yearly Battle Related Deaths: The number of deaths is relatively uncertain, as it has been hard to discern whether a number of deaths were one-sided violence perpetrated by groups such as NSCN-IM or KNA on civilians or whether they were part of the overall communal violence.
Comment on Active: Violence between the Naga and Kuki continued into 1995, being spread throughout Manipur. Patterns of violence remained similar to those observed in previous years, as villagers engaged in various forms of communal violence. Moreover communal violence occured side-by-side with various activities perpetrated by ethnic-based insurgent groups These ethnic insurgent groups, such as NSCN-IM (National Socialist Council of Nagaland - Isaac-Muivah) and KNA (Kuki National Army),, targeted not only each-other, but also the opposing ethnic group. Attacks usually took the form of assaults on enemy villages, usually involving arson, widespread destruction of property, and large scale displacement of civilians. Some selection of targets is observed, as, on 17 March 1995, the leader of the Kuki National Organisation (KNO), one of the larger Kuki political and paramilitary groups, was killed by Nagas.
Terminated: NO
1996 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
1997 Dyad Archive
Comment on Yearly Battle Related Deaths: The large discrepancy between the low and high number for deaths stems from the difference between the aggregate data provided by the Indian authorities, and those that could be discerned from reported events. Further, it has been hard to discern whether a number of deaths were one-sided violence perpetrated by groups such as NSCN-IM or KNA on civilians or whether they were part of the overall communal violence.
Comment on Active: Violence between the Naga and Kuki continued into 1997, being spread throughout Manipur. Patterns of violence remained similar to those observed in previous years, as villagers engaged in various forms of communal violence. Moreover communal violence occured side-by-side with various activities perpetrated by ethnic-based insurgent groups These ethnic insurgent groups, such as NSCN-IM (National Socialist Council of Nagaland - Isaac-Muivah) and KNA (Kuki National Army), targeted not only each-other, but also the opposing ethnic group. Attacks usually took the form of assaults on enemy villages, usually involving arson, widespread destruction of property, as well as attacks on vehicles belonging to the other ethnic group.
Terminated: NO
1998 Dyad Archive
Comment on Active: Violence between the Naga and Kuki continued into 1997, being spread throughout Manipur. Patterns of violence remained similar to those observed in previous years, as villagers engaged in various forms of communal violence. Moreover communal violence occured side-by-side with various activities perpetrated by ethnic-based insurgent groups These ethnic insurgent groups, such as NSCN-IM (National Socialist Council of Nagaland - Isaac-Muivah) and KNA (Kuki National Army), targeted not only each-other, but also the opposing ethnic group. Attacks usually took the form of assaults on enemy villages, usually involving arson and widespread destruction of property, as well as attacks on vehicles belonging to the other ethnic group.
Terminated: NO
1999 Dyad Archive
Terminated: NO
