General information
Type of Incompatibility: Government
Comment on Type of Incompatibility: The incompatibility concerns who is to control the central government and exercise governmental power. It initially centered on President Patassé's way of governing CAR. Military factions that believed the president was misgoverning the country sought to remove him by force in a series of attempted military coups, while Patassé sought to remain in power. The contestation has broadly followed a regional cleavage between constituencies in the northern and southern parts of the country, and from 2013 it also acquired a strong sectarian dimension, pitting the mainly Muslim Seleka from the northeast against the mainly Christian anti-Balaka. The same incompatibility over control of the central government has run through the later episodes of the conflict. These include the Seleka's seizure of power in 2013 and the formation of the Coalition of Patriots for Change (CPC) in December 2020, when six armed groups united to contest the presidential election by force after the Constitutional Court had rejected former president Bozizé's candidacy.
Date of first stated goal of incompatibility: 2001-05-30
Comment on date of first stated goals of incompatibility: On the night of 27 May, a faction of the FACA, i.e. the armed forces of CAR, attacked President Ange-Félix Patasses residence, but the presidential security unit was able to repel the assault and the coup attempt was averted. André Kolingba, ex-President and supposed leader of the military faction, said on 30 May that the action taken was not a coup but a "salutary intervention". He stated that in this "cleaning operation" the removal of Patasse was an essential part and necessary in order to ensure transition and the countrys security.
Date of first use of armed force: 2001-05-27
Comment on first use of armed force: Armed force was used as soon as the coup makers attacked the home of President Patasse. Gunfire and mortar fire was heard throughout the city of Bangui and near the Bangui airport on this date.
Date of first battle related death: 2001-05-27
Comment on first battle related death: According to the government, at least seven presidential security guards were killed when the attack was instigated during the night of 27 May. The government also claimed that several died among the attackers at this early stage. Hospital sources spoke of two civilian deaths from crossfire.
Date of conflict reached 25 battle releated deaths: 2001-06-01
Comment on conflict reached 25 battle releated deaths: The government responded swiftly and effectively to the insurgency. Troops loyal to the government suppressed the coup within the next few days. On 28 May the death-toll from fighting was 20. On 1 June Witnesses said five bodies lay in the middle of the city's main square, with many more dead on the streets of rebel-held areas this brought the number of deaths over the 25 battle-related deaths threshold.
Annual information
This section contains annual information systematically collected by the UCDP.
2001
Primary Parties: Government of Central African Republic - Military faction (forces of André Kolingba)
Secondary Warring Parties Side A: Government of Libya
Dimension: Internationalized intrastate
Comment on Dimension: Libya is clearly involved as a warring party by contributing with regular troops. Early after fighting broke out, around 100 Libyan troops were sent to support the government of the Central African Republic. Reports from 30 May say that Libyan soldiers arrived with equipment, light armoured vehicles, and helicopters. Most of the forces where sent back on 19 June, but a small contingent stayed in the country. Furthermore, the government received support from Congolese rebel group the Mouvement pour la libération du Congo (MLC), who contributed with some 150-200 troops during the June fighting. The support forthcoming from MLC was probably due to the fact that it controls territory along the Obangui river, bordering CAR, and has been allowed to move supplies through the country. Note that MLC is not coded as a secondary warring party, due to UCDB coding rules, which states that a secondary warring party is always a state actor.
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 295 |
| Best | 195 |
| Low | 195 |
Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year
2002
Primary Parties: Government of Central African Republic - Forces of Francois Bozize
Dimension: Internal
Comment on Dimension: The Libyan troops sent to CAR in 2001 remained in the country. However, from late 2001 they acted as a CEN-SAD peacekeeping force, joined in early 2002 by troops from Djibouti and Sudan. Furthermore, the government continued to receive support from Congolese rebel group the Mouvement pour la libération du Congo (MLC), who contributed with some 1000 troops. The support forthcoming from MLC was probably due to the fact that the group controls territory along the Obangui river, bordering CAR, and has been allowed to move supplies through the country. Note that neither Libya nor MLC is not coded as secondary warring parties. In the Libyan case this is due to the fact that the troops were present in the country under a CEN-SAD peacekeeping mandate. MLC is excluded due to UCDB coding rules, which states that a secondary warring party is always a state actor.
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 184 |
| Best | 131 |
| Low | 129 |
Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year
2003
Primary Parties: -
Dimension: Internal
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 50 |
| Best | 13 |
| Low | 8 |
Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year
2004
Primary Parties: -
Dimension: Internal
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 0 |
| Best | 0 |
| Low | 0 |
Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year
2006
Primary Parties: Government of Central African Republic - Seleka
Secondary Warring Parties Side A: Government of France
Dimension: Internationalized intrastate
Comment on Dimension: Since France was an active seconary warring party on the governmental side the confict is coded as intrastate with foreign involvment in 2006.
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 168 |
| Best | 46 |
| Low | 44 |
Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year
2007
Primary Parties: -
Dimension: Internal
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 38 |
| Best | 11 |
| Low | 11 |
Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year
Peace agreements
Name of peace agreement: Birao Agreement
Date when warring parties signed the agreement: 2007-04-01
Comment of peace agreement: Peace process agreement
On 1 April 2007 the government of the Central African Republic and representatives of the UFDR rebels signed a peace agreement in the city of Birao, Central African Republic.
The agreement first of all stipulated a ceasefire between the government and the UFDR, to come into effect immediately.Secondly, the agreement stipulated that UFDR troops would be demobilised and later integrated into the national army. In addition to this integration rebel fighters were also granted a blanket amnesty.
Regarding the incompatibility, the rebels agreed to participate in a national dialgoue, with the goal of solving the country's political troubles.
It was also widely believed that the agreement included, though did not officially state, the release of two UFDR leaders being held in Benin.
Signatories: For the Central African Republic: General Ndougou Raymond, Prefect of Ouham Pende
For the UFDR: Military Commander General Damane Zakaria
Witnessed by: UN Special Representative to the Central African Republic General Lamine Cisse
Comment of signatories: Comprehensive peace agreement
The peace agreement was signed in Birao on 13 April 2007 by the government and UFDR.
Third parties: UN
Comment of third parties role in peace agreement: The UN witnessed the signing of the peace agreement, but other than that the organisations involvement in the peace agreement is unclear.
Ended: True
Date agreement ended: 2012-12-16
Comment of Duration: Michel Djotodia and Capt Abakar Sabone the chairman and spokesperson of UFDR were freed on 18 February 2008 after 16 months in detention in Cotonou, Benin.
In December 2012 UFDR was one of the armed groups forming a Seleka a new coalition fighting the government. The group led by Djotodia one of UFDR's main political leaders charged that the government had not respected peace agreements signed with the Central African Republic rebel groups in 2007 and 2011. Damane Zakaria signing this agreement for UFDR became one of the top commanders in Seleka.
Full-text peace agreement
2008
Primary Parties: -
Dimension: Internal
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 0 |
| Best | 0 |
| Low | 0 |
Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year
Peace agreements
Name of peace agreement: Global Peace Agreement between the Government of the Central African Republic and the APRD, FDPC, and UFDR
Date when warring parties signed the agreement: 2008-06-21
Comment of peace agreement: Partial peace agreement
On 21 June 2008 the government of the Central African Republic and representatives of the UFDR, APRD and FDPC signed a peace agreement in Libreville, capital of Gabon.
In the agreement the parties state that they will participate in an inclusive political dialogue. Also, the agreement reiterates commitments of previous agreements including termination of hostilities and amnesty. Moreover, the agreement state that the politico-military movements should participate in state affairs of. Finally, the agreement stipulates a follow-up committee consisting of representatives from Gabon, UN and Francophonie.
Signatories: Cyriaque Gonda, for the Government
Jean-Jacques Demafouth, APRD
UFDR Zakaira Damane,
FDPC
Nelson Noël Messone, President of Gabon
Comment of signatories: Comprehensive peace agreement
Nelson Noël Messone, signed as a witness and negotiater whilst the other signed as representatives for the government or their rebel group.
Third parties: Gabon
Comment of third parties role in peace agreement: Gabon acted as a facilitator for the negotiations and signing of the agreement.
Ended: True
Date agreement ended: 2008-08-02
Comment of Duration: APRD, one of the signatories to the agreement has withdrawn from the peace process and national dialogue due to disagreement over an amnesty bill. After APRD’s withdrawal also the t UFDR and the FDPC announced that they intend to withdraw from the CAR peace process.
Full-text peace agreement
2009
Primary Parties: Government of Central African Republic - CPJP
Dimension: Internal
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 81 |
| Best | 38 |
| Low | 38 |
Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year
2010
Primary Parties: Government of Central African Republic - CPJP
Dimension: Internal
Comment on Dimension: At the end of the year Chadian troops were involved in some of the fighting between CPJP and the government. However, as they did this because they thought Chadian rebels were fighting alongside CPJP the conflict is still coded as intrastate and not intrastate with foreign involvement.
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 105 |
| Best | 25 |
| Low | 25 |
Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year
2011
Primary Parties: Government of Central African Republic - CPJP
Dimension: Internal
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 79 |
| Best | 44 |
| Low | 44 |
Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year
Peace agreements
Name of peace agreement: Ndele Peace Agreement
Date when warring parties signed the agreement: 2011-06-12
Comment of peace agreement: Partial peace agreement
This eight-point agreement resulted from negotiations held in the northern town of Ndele. The CPJP agreed to confine their soldiers to barracks while talks on a final peace deal took place.
CPJP also agreed to immediate cessation of all hostility, the abstention from all military action and other forms of violence and to join the DDR campaign that several other opposition groups had already joined.
Regarding the incompatibility, CPJP pledged to ratify the Global Peace Agreement signed by most of the old groups rebels in Libreville in 2008
Signatories: General Xavier-Sylvestre Yangongounior
Mahamat Zakaria
Comment of signatories: Mahamat Zakaria signed on behalf of the CPJP leader Abdoulaye Hissene and General Xavier-Sylvestre Yangongounior is the junior Disarmament Minister and signed on the behalf of the government.
Comment of Duration: Factions of CPJP (CPJP-F and CPSK) joined the Seleka alliance in December 2012 that ousted the government in March 2013. CPJP joined the Seleka government in April 2013 before the group was disbanded by Djotodia on 13 September.
Name of peace agreement: Ceasefire Agreement between UFDR and CPJP under the auspices of the National Mediation Council
Date when warring parties signed the agreement: 2011-10-08
Comment of peace agreement: Partial peace agreement
This agreement primarily aimed at ending the hostilities between UFDR and CPJP. Both parties agreed to an immediate cessation of hostilities and violations of human rights. All parties agreed to removal of soldiers from Bria.
Regarding the incompatibility, UFDR and CPJP committed to respecting the Constitution of CAR of 2 December 2004 and reaffirmed commitments to the Libreville Global Peace Agreement of 21 June 2008, which provided for their participation in an inclusive political dialogue. UFDR reaffirmed themselves to this agreement and CPJP undertook a new commitment to the Libreville Agreement and its implementation.
The agreement also provided for the implementation of a "Verification Mechanism" and creation of a "Monitoring Committee" with support of external actors.
Signatories: The Minister delegated to the President of the Republic responsible for the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of the National Youth Pioneers and the Minister Delegated to the President of the Republic responsible for National Defence, Government of CAR
Zakaria Damane, UFDR
Hissene Abdoulaye Ramadan, CPJP
For the international community: BINUCA, AU, MICOPAX , Mediator of the Republic
Comment of signatories: Comprehensive Peace Agreement signed in Bangui, Central African Republic on 8 October 2011.
Seleka called UFDR in this period of the conflict.
MICOPAX was a peace operation in the Central African Republic led by the ECCAS.
United Nations Integrated Peacebuilding Office in the Central African Republic (BINUCA)
Ended: True
Date agreement ended: 2012-12-16
Comment of Duration: UFDR left the agreement and started to fight the government in December 2012. Factions of CPJP (CPJP-F and CPSK) joined UFDR in the Seleka alliance in December 2012 that ousted the government in March 2013. CPJP joined the Seleka government in April 2013 before the group was disbanded by Djotodia on 13 September.
Full-text peace agreement
2012
Primary Parties: Government of Central African Republic - Seleka
Secondary Warring Parties Side A: Government of Chad
Dimension: Internationalized intrastate
Comment on Dimension: On 18 December Chadian troops enter CAR to help the government in their fight against the rebels. On 30 December Gabon, Congo-Brazzaville and Cameroon have each pledged 120 troops to join 400 Chadian soldiers already deployed to protect the government. Thus, as foreign troops were involved as secondary warring actors to support the government the dimension of the conflict is intrastate with foreign involvement.
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 78 |
| Best | 75 |
| Low | 75 |
Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year
Peace agreements
Name of peace agreement: Acte d’Adhésion de la Convention des Patriotes pour la Justice et la Paix (CPJP) à l’Accord de Paix Global de Libreville
Date when warring parties signed the agreement: 2012-08-25
Comment of peace agreement: Peace process agreement
"Acte d’Adhésion de la Convention des Patriotes pour la Justice et la Paix (CPJP) à l’Accord de Paix Global de Libreville" was signed in Bangui, Central African Republic on 25 August 2012. The agreement undertook to recommit both parties to the Libreville Global Peace Agreement of 21 June 2008 and to the ceasefire agreement of 12 June 2011.
The agreement stated adherence to all Acts subsequent to the Amnesty Law of 13 October 2008. The parties agreed to joint efforts in the CAR peace process. CPJP expressed willingness to negotiate with the government and adhere to previous agreements, and the government declared their intention to fulfill obligations under the peace process.
Regarding the incompatibility, the agreement committed CPJP to the Libreville Agreement.
Signatories: Hissene Abdulaye Ramadan (President de la CPJP) Xavier Sylvestre Yangongo (Minister Government of Central African Republic)
Initialled: For the Government
- Minister of Public Security
- Minister Delegated to the Presidency of the Republic responsible for national defence For the International Community
- BINUCA
- African Union
- MICOPAX (FOMAC)
Comment of signatories: Dyadic Peace Agreement signed in Bangui, Central African Republic on 25 August 2012.
Representatives of UFDR were not involved in the agreement.
Third parties: BINUCA, African Union, MICOPAX (FOMAC)
Comment of Duration: Factions of CPJP (CPJP-F and CPSK) joined UFDR in the Seleka alliance in December 2012 that ousted the government in March 2013. CPJP joined the Seleka government in April 2013 before the group was disbanded by Djotodia on 13 September.
Full-text peace agreement
2013
Primary Parties: Government of Central African Republic - anti-Balaka, Seleka
Secondary Warring Parties Side A: Government of South Africa
Dimension: Internationalized intrastate
Comment on Dimension: South Africa
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 496 |
| Best | 384 |
| Low | 360 |
Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year
Peace agreements
Name of peace agreement: Liberville agreements - Ceasefire
Date when warring parties signed the agreement: 2013-01-11
Comment of peace agreement: Partial peace agreement
The Libreville peace talks resulted in the signed of three documents. The ceasefire agreement is one of these "Libreville Agreements" between the government and Seleka coalition. It calls for an immediate ceasefire and a cessation of all hostilities within 72 hours.
The ceasefire includes immediate cessation of acts of violence against civilians. The ceasefire further stipulates release of all prisoners of war and political prisoners, and withdraw of all weapons and military units. It commits to a DDR process in North Eastern CAR as well as reorganization of the CAR defence and security forces.
The agreement provides for a program to address return of displaced persons and protection of human rights. Human rights provisions stated in the agreement extended specifically to include an end to summary executions, torture, recruitment of child soldiers, and sexual violence. The same program includes a provision for rehabilitation of areas affected by the conflict. Finally, provisions are included for the establishment of an oversight commission to supervise implementation of the ceasefire agreement.
Signatories: Jean Willybiro Sako, Government of CAR
Michel Djotodjia, Coalition Seleka
Nassour Guelengdouksia Ouaidou, Secretary General of ECCAS
Basile Ikouebe, Minsiter of Foreign Affairs on the Cooperation of the Republic of Congo, President of the Monitoring Committee
Third parties: Republic of Congo (for Monitoring Committee), ECCAS
Ended: True
Date agreement ended: 2013-03-18
Comment of Duration: On 23 January 2013 the ceasefire was broken an both parties blamed each other for the incident. The government however hoped that the breach would not jeopardize the peace process. The government continued appoint members of a new national unity government which was formed in early February 2013. In March Seleka renewed their offensive on the capital, at the outset this was reported as a faction of Seleka led by Nouredine Adam. On 18 March the Seleka alliance gave the government a 72 hours ultimatum to fulfill the promises made under the peace agreement or to face a continued rebellion. After the time-limit had passed Colonel Djouma Narkoyo, one of the rebel military leaders stated that Seleka was "going back to arms". On 24 March 2013 Seleka managed to take Bangui and oust the government.
Full-text peace agreement
Name of peace agreement: Liberville agreements - Declaration of principles to resolve the political and security crisis in the Central African Republic
Date when warring parties signed the agreement: 2013-01-11
Comment of peace agreement: Partial peace agreement
The Libreville peace talks resulted in the signing of three documents. The Declaration of Principles is one of these "Libreville Agreements" and sets out principles for peaceful dialogue between the parties. It undertakes the Libreville Global Peace Accord of 2008 as a basis for future negotiations.
The agreement commits to an immediate and unconditional cessation of hostilities and and end to the formation of militias and distribution of arms.
Regarding the incompatibility, the Libreville Agreements establish a restoration of peace and security and make way for a new political process to replace the existing powers in government with an inclusive Government of National Unity for 12 months and subsequent political processes.
It also provides for humanitarian corridors for aid and for the respect of human rights, particularly for women and children, including calling for an end to sexual violence in conflict and an end to recruitment of child soldiers.
Signatories: For the CAR Government: Jean Willybiro Sako,
For the Seleka Coalition: Michel Djotodjia,
For the Politico-Military Movements: Abdoulaye Hissein,
For the Democratic Opposition: Master Nicolas Tiangage,
For CEEAC: Nassour Guelengdouksia Ouaidou, Secretary General of CEEAC,
For the Republic of Chad: Moussa Faki Mahamat, Minister of Foreign Affairs,
For the President of the Monitoring Committee (Comite du Suivi): Baile Ikouebe, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of the Republic of Congo
Comment of signatories: Comprehensive Peace Agreement signed in Libreville, Gabon on 11 January 2013
Third parties: Republic of Congo (for Monitoring Committee), Chad, ECCAS
Comment of third parties role in peace agreement: Signed in the presence of representatives of ECCAS and Chad. Both parties had played a role in persuading Seleka to negotiate with the government. The President of the Monitoring Committee to the Libreville Negotiations (Comite de Suivi`), the representative of the Republic of Congo, also signed.
Ended: True
Date agreement ended: 2013-03-18
Comment of Duration: On 23 January 2013 the ceasefire was broken an both parties blamed each other for the incident. The government however hoped that the breach would not jeopardize the peace process. The government continued appoint members of a new national unity government which was formed in early February 2013. In March Seleka renewed their offensive on the capital, at the outset this was reported as a faction of Seleka led by Nouredine Adam. On 18 March the Seleka alliance gave the government a 72 hours ultimatum to fulfill the promises made under the peace agreement or to face a continued rebellion. After the time-limit had passed Colonel Djouma Narkoyo, one of the rebel military leaders stated that Seleka was "going back to arms". On 24 March 2013 Seleka managed to take Bangui and oust the government.
Full-text peace agreement
Name of peace agreement: Libreville Agreements - Political
Date when warring parties signed the agreement: 2013-01-11
Comment of peace agreement: Partial peace agreement
The Libreville peace talks resulted in the signing of three documents. The political agreement is one of these "Libreville Agreements" between the government and Seleka coalition. The agreement establishes political decisions made with relation to elections and the security situation in CAR.
The agreement regulates the behavior of the parties by including reorganization of the defense and security forces, implementation of DDR processes, withdrawal and surrender of opposition forces, dissolution of militias, and cessation of all measures of force. Foreign troops are also withdrawn under this agreement.
Regarding the incompatibility, the Libreville Agreements establish a restoration of peace and security and make way for a new political process to replace the existing powers in government with an inclusive Government of National Unity for 12 months and subsequent political processes.
The agreement also establishes the limits of power for the President of the Republic. It limits the current President's term and prevents contestation of the future election. It includes the creation of an inclusive Government of National Unity during an interim 12-month period, which is to be led by a Prime Minister, Head of Government, and a member of the opposition, and is to be composed of the presidential majority, democratic opposition, non-combatant politico-military movements, the Seleka coalition, and civil society. The government is tasked with organizing municipal elections and establishing voting procedures, DDR, reorganization of security and defense forces as well as the judicial system, and implementation of economic and social reforms. Finally, the agreement expresses joint desire for national reconciliation and provides for the creation of a monitoring committee to guarantee implementation of the agreement.
Signatories: Jean Willybiro Sako, Government of CAR
Nicolas Tiangaye, Opposition Démocratique
Abdoulaye Hissein, Mouvements Politico-Militaires
Michel Djotodjia, Coalition Seleka
Basile Ikouebe, Minsiter of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Congo, President of the Monitoring Committee
Nassour Gullengdouksia Ouaidou, Secretary General of ECCAS
Comment of signatories: Comprehensive Peace Agreement signed in Libreville, Gabon on 11 January 2013.
Third parties: Republic of Congo (for Monitoring Committee), ECCAS
Comment of third parties role in peace agreement: Signed in the presence of representatives of ECCAS, which had played a role in persuading Seleka to negotiate with the government. The President of the Monitoring Committee to the Libreville Negotiations (Comite de Suivi`), the representative of the Republic of Congo, also signed.
Ended: True
Date agreement ended: 2013-03-18
Comment of Duration: On 23 January 2013 the ceasefire was broken an both parties blamed each other for the incident. The government however hoped that the breach would not jeopardize the peace process. The government continued appoint members of a new national unity government which was formed in early February 2013. In March Seleka renewed their offensive on the capital, at the outset this was reported as a faction of Seleka led by Nouredine Adam. On 18 March the Seleka alliance gave the government a 72 hours ultimatum to fulfill the promises made under the peace agreement or to face a continued rebellion. After the time-limit had passed Colonel Djouma Narkoyo, one of the rebel military leaders stated that Seleka was "going back to arms". On 24 March 2013 Seleka managed to take Bangui and oust the government.
Full-text peace agreement
2014
Primary Parties: Government of Central African Republic - anti-Balaka
Secondary Warring Parties Side A: Government of Bangladesh, Government of Benin, Government of Bhutan, Government of Brazil, Government of Burkina Faso, Government of Burundi, Government of Cambodia (Kampuchea), Government of Cameroon, Government of Chad, Government of Congo, Government of Djibouti, Government of DR Congo (Zaire), Government of Egypt, Government of France, Government of Gabon, Government of Ghana, Government of Guatemala, Government of Indonesia, Government of Ivory Coast, Government of Jordan, Government of Kenya, Government of Madagascar, Government of Mali, Government of Mauritania, Government of Moldova, Government of Morocco, Government of Nepal, Government of Niger, Government of Pakistan, Government of Paraguay, Government of Peru, Government of Rwanda, Government of Senegal, Government of Serbia (Yugoslavia), Government of Sri Lanka, Government of Tanzania, Government of Thailand, Government of Tunisia, Government of United States of America, Government of Zambia
Dimension: Internationalized intrastate
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 151 |
| Best | 138 |
| Low | 138 |
Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year
2015
Primary Parties: -
Dimension: Internationalized intrastate
Comment on Dimension: MINUSCA was a secondary warring party to the Government of Central Africa due to the "restoration/extension of state authority" mandate.
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 2 |
| Best | 2 |
| Low | 2 |
Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year
Peace agreements
Name of peace agreement: Agreement between the Transitional Government and the Armed Groups on the Principles of Disarmament, Demobilization, Reintegration and Repatriation and of Integration into the Uniformed State Forces of the Central African Republic
Date when warring parties signed the agreement: 2015-05-10
Comment of peace agreement: Partial peace agreement
Agreement between the Transitional Government and the Armed Groups on the Principles of Disarmament, Demobilization, Reintegration and Repatriation and of Integration into the Uniformed State Forces of the Central African Republic was signed in a context were the main violence was between non-state armed groups in Central African Republic. The transitional government led by Catherine Samba-Panza, had been elected President on 20 January 2014 was not a main party to the conflicts but signatories to the agreement (anti-Balaka) was fighting the government and its MISCA supporters another signatory FPRC became active in a conflict against the government later in the year.
This Agreement, resulting from Bangui National Forum, was signed between the Transitional Government and nine out of ten armed groups in the CAR conflict and in the presence of both parties as well as the political establishment, civil society, and the international community. It stipulated steps for the DDR process.
The process outlined in this agreement included disarmament, demobilization, reintegration, and repatriation programs. Combatants agreed to lay down their weapons and armed groups undertook to engage in political competition rather than the use of force as a means for political advocacy.
The agreement includes eligibility requirements for the DDR programs and states that ex-combatants are entitled to reintegration in the community or into the State forces. Specific articles address the process for each of these integration streams. Furthermore, the agreement provides for the repatriation of foreign combatants. It also includes provisions for children associated with politico-military groups and for equal opportunities women ex-combatants.
Regarding the incompatibility the groups agreed to in engage political competition as defined in the present Agreement.
Signatories: Mr. Abel Balenguele, Deputy Coordinator, FPRC
Mr. Herbert Gontran Djono Ahaba, President, Rassemblement patriotique pour le renouveau de la Centrafrique
Mr. Landa Nzengue, President, UFRF
General Mohamed Dhaffane, President, Séléka rénovée
Mr. Larry Nordine Mahalba, Spokesperson, MLCJ
Mr. Marcel Bagaza, Representative, FDPC
Mr. Patrice Edouard Ngaïssona, General Coordinator, Coordination des ex-combattants anti-Balaka
Mr. Souleymane Daouda, Political Adviser, Unité du peuple centrafricain
Mr. Armel Ningatouloum Sayo, President, RJ
Mr. Philippe Wagramalé Ndoto, President, UFR
For the observers
– Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations
(Signed) Babacar Gaye
– Special Representative of the African Union
(Signed) [Illegible signature]
– Special Representative of the President of the Republic of the Congo and
International Mediator in the crisis in Central African Republic
(Signed) Basile Ikouebe
– Representative of the Economic Community of Central African States
(Signed) [Illegible signature]
Comment of signatories: Comprehensive Peace Agreement signed in Bangui, Central African Republic on 10 May 2015.
Third parties: Congo, ECCAS, UN, AU
Comment of third parties role in peace agreement: The ECCAS and Congo had been involved in negotiations throughout the peace process and the representative of Congo was the ECCAS Mediator in the CAR crisis. The AU and UN provided additional mediation support to this agreement and the Brazzaville process.
Comment of Duration: Clashes between the armed groups signing the agreement continued despite the peace agreement.
Full-text peace agreement
Name of peace agreement: Republican Pact for Peace, National Reconciliation and Reconstruction in the Central African Republic
Date when warring parties signed the agreement: 2015-05-11
Comment of peace agreement: Full peace agreement
Agreement between the Transitional Government and the Armed Groups on the Principles of Disarmament, Demobilization, Reintegration and Repatriation and of Integration into the Uniformed State Forces of the Central African Republic was signed in a context were the main violence was between non-state armed groups in Central African Republic. The transitional government led by Catherine Samba-Panza, had been elected President on 20 January 2014 was not a main party to the conflicts but signatories to the agreement (anti-Balaka) was fighting the government and its MISCA supporters another signatory FPRC became active in a conflict against the government later in the year.
This agreement resulted from Bangui National Forum and called for immediate implementation of and commitment to the Forum resolutions. Delegates of the Bangui National Forum were from the previous Central African government, now known as ex-Seleka or FPRC, and the group called anti-Balaka together with the transitional government, political parties, armed opposition groups and representatives from civil society. On 11 May 2015 the Bangui Forum adopted an agreement called the Republican Pact for Peace, National Reconciliation and Reconstruction in the Central African Republic. The Forum was part of a peace process initiated in 2013 under the auspices of the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS). The parties recommitted themselves to a cessation of hostilities agreement that had been signed on 23 July in Brazzaville as part of the peace process. The agreement also reaffirmed the parties’ commitment to the Disarmament, Demobilization, Reintegration and Repatriation Agreement that had been signed the previous day, 10 May 2015, in Bangui.
All armed parties were to take part in immediate and voluntary disarmament as part of a DDR process and foreign fighters were to be repatriated. The need for a defense and security sector reform was reaffirmed. The parties committed themselves to express their grievances through peaceful and democratic means and to abide fully to the constitution. Gender provisions are specified for the DDR process.
Regarding the incompatibility the agreement provided for constitutional referendum and of free and transparent general elections that would ratify the restoration of the constitutional order, in accordance with the provisions of the Constitutional Charter for the Transition and with the agreed timetable and procedures, and to facilitate the participation of refugees in these elections. Furthermore, the agreement provides for measures to ensure government and civil institutions reflect community representation, regional balance and inclusiveness, including gender balance. The agreement also reaffirmed the commitment to the unity, sovereignty and indivisibility of the Central African Republic.
It was agreed that a Special Criminal Court would be established with the support of the international community, as well as a justice, truth, reparations and reconciliation commission to identify and investigate crimes and abuses. Humanitarian assistance would be given to those affected by the recent crisis through the establishment of a social solidarity fund. The Transitional Authorities were to set up a framework to monitor the implementation of the agreement.
Signatories: All participants in the Bangui National Forum: 600 representatives of the transitional authorities, armed groups, political parties and members of civil society
Comment of signatories: Comprehensive Peace Agreement signed in Bangui, Central African Republic on 11 May 2015.
Third parties: Transitional authority of the Central African Republic, Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue (HD), Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), EU, MINUSCA, AU, International Organisation of la Francophonie, Congo.
Comment of third parties role in peace agreement: The transitional authority led the negotiations and the Bangui Forum together with a number of supporting parties. The Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) have been responsible for the peace process since its initiation in 2013 and the Bangui Forum was the biggest mediation effort in that process. The United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA) provided political and logistical support to the mediation, as well as sending Abdoulaye Bathily, Special Representative for Central Africa, to chair the Forum. Special Representatives were also sent by the African Union and the Republic of Congo to support the negotiations.
Technical support and expertise was given to the mediations by the Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, a Swiss-based private diplomacy organisation, in collaboration with the European Union. The International Organisation of la Francophonie, an international organisation with 57 member states from French-speaking countries, sent a delegation with experts to support and lead a number of different mediation workshops part of the Bangui Forum.
Comment of Duration: Clashes between the armed groups signing the agreement continued despite the peace agreement. After elections, and the installation of the new Government in March 2016, the new Government committed to pursuing the undertakings agreed upon at the Bangui Forum.
Full-text peace agreement
2016
Primary Parties: -
Dimension: Internal
Comment on Dimension: MINUSCA was a secondary warring party to the Government of Central Africa due to the "restoration/extension of state authority" mandate.
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 0 |
| Best | 0 |
| Low | 0 |
Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year
2017
Primary Parties: Government of Central African Republic - anti-Balaka
Secondary Warring Parties Side A: Government of Bangladesh, Government of Benin, Government of Burkina Faso, Government of Burundi, Government of Cambodia (Kampuchea), Government of Cameroon, Government of Congo, Government of Djibouti, Government of DR Congo (Zaire), Government of Egypt, Government of France, Government of Gabon, Government of Gambia, Government of Ghana, Government of Guinea, Government of Hungary, Government of Indonesia, Government of Ivory Coast, Government of Jordan, Government of Mali, Government of Mauritania, Government of Morocco, Government of Nepal, Government of Niger, Government of Pakistan, Government of Peru, Government of Portugal, Government of Romania, Government of Rwanda, Government of Senegal, Government of Serbia (Yugoslavia), Government of Spain, Government of Sri Lanka, Government of Sweden, Government of Tanzania, Government of Togo, Government of Tunisia, Government of Yemen (North Yemen), Government of Zambia
Dimension: Internationalized intrastate
Comment on Dimension: MINUSCA was a secondary warring party to the Government of Central Africa due to the "restoration/extension of state authority" mandate.
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 37 |
| Best | 37 |
| Low | 37 |
Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year
Peace agreements
Name of peace agreement: Political Agreement for Peace in the Central African Republic
Date when warring parties signed the agreement: 2017-06-19
Comment of peace agreement: Full peace agreement
The agreement established an immediate ceasefire and agreements on political, economic, humanitarian and social concerns.
The agreement included cessation of hostilities and representation from political groups at all levels related to DDRR and Security Sector Reform. The agreement also provided for the intergration of a selection of members of the politico-military groups into the defence forces following the transition phase.
With regard to the incompatibility, the agreement stipulated the integration of all politico-military groups into the political process. It granted all politico-military groups political representation in the reconstruction process. It also reaffirmed respect for the integrity of national territory, the 2016 elections, and efforts toward reconciliation.
Further provisions included respect for freedom of movement, restoration of state authority, and humanitarian efforts. The agreement was reached through Mediation of the Community of Sant'Egidio and with the presence of observers from the international community, of the UN envoy Parfait Onanga -Anyanga, the European Union and the Italian Government.
Signatories: For the government:
Charles-Armel Doubane, Central African foreign minister
Georges-Isidore-Alphonse Dibert presidential advisor
For the politico-military groups Moustapha abakar RPRC Brahim Abdoulaye FPRC Barthelemy Boguyanan FDPC Soulemane Daouda UPC Herbert Gotran Djono-Ahaba RPRC Laurent Djim-Woei Bebiti RJ Belanga Dieu Benit Christian Gbeya-Kikobet UFR-F Habib Hodi UPC Bienvenu Bertrand Kounkou RJ Sayo Abdel Karim Moussa MPC Thierry Cyprien M'Pondo Seleka Renovee Dieudonne Ndomete, Coordination anti Balaka Jean de Dieu Ngaissona, anti Balaka Aile Mokom Larry Fabrice Nordine-Mindom-Mahalba MLJC Judicael Orofe Moganazoum Coordination anti Balaka Simon Pierre Passi Ingam - RJ Belanga Jean-Rock Sobi - FDPC Deya Gilbert - Toumou - MLJC Guy Bongarka Wabilo, anti Balaka Aile Mokom Bernard Francois Wagramale UFR
For Sant'Egidio Andrea Riccardi
In the presence of Parfait Onanga-Anyanga UN MINUSCA Mario Giro Italy Timoleon Baikoua Members of the National Assembly Bertin Bea KNK Anicet Dologuele URCA Ferdinand Alexandre Nguendet RPR Martin Ziguele MPLC Ibrahim Hassan Frede COMUC
Comment of signatories: Dyadic Peace Agreement signed in Rome, Italy on 19 June 2017.
The accord was between government and 13 of 14 armed groups, excluding the "Retour Reclamation et Rehabilitation" or 3R.
Patrice Edouard Ngaissona did not sign the agreement and claimed that the signatories did not have permission to do so.
Third parties: Roman Catholic Community of Sant'Egidio
Members of the National Assembly
Political parties
Religious leaders
Comment of third parties role in peace agreement: The Roman Catholic Sant' Egidio peace group worked with the parties in CAR for years and mediated the agreement. Observers of the signing included, among others, members of the UN, EU, and Italian Government.
Comment of Duration: Clashes between the armed groups signing the agreement continued despite the peace agreement.
Full-text peace agreement
2018
Primary Parties: Government of Central African Republic - anti-Balaka, UPC
Secondary Warring Parties Side A: Government of Bangladesh, Government of Benin, Government of Burkina Faso, Government of Burundi, Government of Cambodia (Kampuchea), Government of Cameroon, Government of Congo, Government of Djibouti, Government of DR Congo (Zaire), Government of Egypt, Government of France, Government of Gabon, Government of Gambia, Government of Ghana, Government of Guinea, Government of Indonesia, Government of Ivory Coast, Government of Jordan, Government of Madagascar, Government of Mali, Government of Mauritania, Government of Morocco, Government of Nepal, Government of Niger, Government of Pakistan, Government of Peru, Government of Portugal, Government of Romania, Government of Rwanda, Government of Senegal, Government of Serbia (Yugoslavia), Government of Spain, Government of Sri Lanka, Government of Sweden, Government of Tanzania, Government of Togo, Government of Tunisia, Government of Zambia
Dimension: Internationalized intrastate
Comment on Dimension: MINUSCA was a secondary warring party to the Government of Central Africa due to the "restoration/extension of state authority" mandate.
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 117 |
| Best | 104 |
| Low | 101 |
Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year
2019
Primary Parties: Government of Central African Republic - UPC
Secondary Warring Parties Side A: Government of Bangladesh, Government of Benin, Government of Burkina Faso, Government of Burundi, Government of Cambodia (Kampuchea), Government of Cameroon, Government of Congo, Government of Djibouti, Government of DR Congo (Zaire), Government of Egypt, Government of France, Government of Gabon, Government of Gambia, Government of Ghana, Government of Guinea, Government of Indonesia, Government of Ivory Coast, Government of Jordan, Government of Madagascar, Government of Mali, Government of Mauritania, Government of Morocco, Government of Nepal, Government of Niger, Government of Pakistan, Government of Peru, Government of Portugal, Government of Romania, Government of Rwanda, Government of Senegal, Government of Serbia (Yugoslavia), Government of Spain, Government of Sri Lanka, Government of Sweden, Government of Tanzania, Government of Togo, Government of Tunisia, Government of Zambia
Dimension: Internationalized intrastate
Comment on Dimension: MINUSCA was a secondary warring party to the Government of Central Africa due to the "restoration/extension of state authority" mandate.
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 163 |
| Best | 60 |
| Low | 57 |
Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year
Peace agreements
Name of peace agreement: Political Agreement for Peace and Reconciliation in the Central African Republic
Date when warring parties signed the agreement: 2019-02-06
Comment of peace agreement: Full peace agreement
After a year of mediation efforts of a team formed by the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), negotiations were held between 24 January and 5 February in Khartoum, Sudan, with the African Union (AU) and the United Nations (UN) leading the talks. The Government of Central African Republic (CAR) and 14 armed groups signed a full peace agreement in Bangui on 6 February 2019. The agreement attracted greater international support, and it had a more comprehensive frame than the agreements in the past. The agreement separated between Government commitments and commitments of the armed groups.
The agreement called for an immediate end to all hostilities and forms of violence between the armed groups and against the government, UN staff, and other humanitarian actors, as well as the civilians. Some rebel units would be integrated into the government forces. The armed groups promised not only to put an end to all forms of recruitment efforts but also to participate in the disarmament, demobilization, reintegration, and repatriation program. The government promised to facilitate the disarmament, demobilization, reintegration and repatriation process and include the participation of the armed groups in all structures of the process. The armed groups agreed to put and immediate end to recruitment into armed groups.
Regarding the incompatibility, the agreement emphasized that the armed groups would respect "the legitimacy of the country’s democratic institutions, the constitutional order, and the territorial integrity and unity of the State of the Central African Republic, as well as its republican and secular character" and they would "agree to abstain from any attempt to access or retain power by force." The government agreed to adopt a new act on decentralization. The government would also ensure that all citizens including members of the armed groups could establish political parties. The parties also agreed "to support the organization of elections at the presidential, legislative, regional and municipal levels in a climate of peace." The government also committed to establishing an inclusive Government. The leaders of the signatory groups was offered positions in the government following the agreement. The Government also committed to establishing different recovery and development programmes throughout the country.
An "Implementation and Monitoring Mechanism" together with the "Executive Monitoring Committee" were formed to monitor and evaluate the implementation of the agreement. The Committee was co-chaired by the government and AU, and it involved the parties to the agreement, guarantors, and facilitators. The government also committed to initiating an extensive campaign on national reconciliation and social cohesion. The government also promised to create the conditions necessary for the voluntary return, reintegration and social reinsertion of all refugees and internally displaced persons.
Signatories: - Government of the Central African Republic, Faustin Archange TOUADERA
- Anti-Balaka – Mokom Branch, Maxime MOKOM
- Anti-Balaka – Ngaïssona Branch, Dieudonné NDOMATE
- Front Démocratique du Peuple Centrafricain (FDPC), Martin KOUMTAMADJI
- Front Populaire pour la Renaissance de la Centrafrique (FPRC), Adam NOUREIDINE
- Mouvement des Libérateurs Centrafricains pour la Justice (MLCJ), Gilbert TOUMOU-DEYA
- Mouvement Patriotique pour la Centrafrique (MPC), Alkatim Ahamat MAHAMAT
- Rassemblement Patriotique pour le Renouveau de la Centrafrique (RPRC), Herbert Gotran DJONO-AHABA
- Retour, Réclamation et Réhabilitation (3R), Bi-Sidi SOULEMANE alias Sidiki
- Révolution et Justice-Belanga Branch (RJ-Belanga), Esther Audrienne GUETEL-MOÏBA
- Révolution et Justice-Sayo Branch (RJ-Sayo Branch), Armel MINGATOLOUM-SAYO
- Séléka Rénovée, Hisseine AKACHA
- Union des Forces Républicaines (UFR), Philippe WAGRAMALE
- Union des Forces Républicaines - Fondamentales (UFR-F), Dieu Bénit Christian GBEYA-KIKOBET
- Union pour la Paix en Centrafrique (UPC), Ali Darassa MAHAMAT
- African Union, Moussa Faki MAHAMAT
- Economic Community of Central African States, Adolphe NAHAYO
Comment of signatories: Comprehensive agreement signed on 6 February 2019 in Bangui. Three of the signatory groups had been active in dyads with the government in UCDPs data prior to the agreement: Anti-Balaka, FPRC and UPC.
Third parties: Economic Community of Central African States, African Union, Sudan
Comment of third parties role in peace agreement: While the Economic Community of Central African States acted as the mediator and guarantor of the agreement, African Union was the other guarantor and one of the co-chairs of the "Executive Monitoring Committee."
The agreement was signed as part of the African Union Initiative for Peace and Reconsiliation in the CAR.
Ended: True
Date agreement ended: 2020-12-15
Comment of Duration: Clashes between the armed groups signing the agreement continued despite the agreement. Besides, one-sided violence organized by some of the parties had kept its pre-agreement intensity level during 2019.
Two of the three special military advisers assigned after the agreement, namely Alkatim Ahamat Mahamat of MPC and Bi-Sidi Soulemane alias Sidiki of 3R, resigned from their positions respectively on 27 August and early September 2019. The third special military adviser, Ali Darassa Mahamat of UPC, did not leave. Nevertheless, UPC continued clashing with other rebel groups as well as the government and continued targeting civilians at the same time. Non-state violence, especially between FPRC and MLCJ, also kept raising concerns.
Starting from April 2020, some of the 2019 Khartum Accord signatory rebel groups declared that they suspended participating in the national unity government, which had been formed following the peace agreement. The conflict spiraled out of control after the Constitutional Court rejected the candidacy of Bozizé for the elections in late December 2020. On 15 December, six rebel groups (MPC, UPC, FPRC, 3R, anti-Balaka Mokom, and anti-Balaka Ngaissona) declared that they were united under the Coalition of Patriots for Change (CPC) banner against the government. The government accused Bozizé of plotting a coup with the CPC rebels. A few days after the elections, President Faustin-Archange Touadéra dismissed three rebel chiefs from the government on 31 December, signaling the end of the Khartoum deal.
Full-text peace agreement
2020
Primary Parties: Government of Central African Republic - CPC, UPC
Secondary Warring Parties Side A: Government of Bangladesh, Government of Benin, Government of Brazil, Government of Burkina Faso, Government of Burundi, Government of Cambodia (Kampuchea), Government of Cameroon, Government of Congo, Government of Djibouti, Government of Egypt, Government of France, Government of Gabon, Government of Gambia, Government of Ghana, Government of Guinea, Government of Indonesia, Government of Ivory Coast, Government of Jordan, Government of Madagascar, Government of Mali, Government of Mauritania, Government of Morocco, Government of Nepal, Government of Niger, Government of Nigeria, Government of Pakistan, Government of Peru, Government of Portugal, Government of Romania, Government of Rwanda, Government of Senegal, Government of Serbia (Yugoslavia), Government of Spain, Government of Sri Lanka, Government of Sweden, Government of Tanzania, Government of Togo, Government of Tunisia, Government of Zambia
Dimension: Internationalized intrastate
Comment on Dimension: MINUSCA was a secondary warring party to the Government of Central Africa due to the "restoration/extension of state authority" mandate.
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 74 |
| Best | 64 |
| Low | 64 |
Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year
2021
Primary Parties: Government of Central African Republic - CPC, UPC
Secondary Warring Parties Side A: Government of Bangladesh, Government of Benin, Government of Brazil, Government of Burkina Faso, Government of Burundi, Government of Cambodia (Kampuchea), Government of Cameroon, Government of Congo, Government of Djibouti, Government of Egypt, Government of France, Government of Gabon, Government of Gambia, Government of Ghana, Government of Guinea, Government of Indonesia, Government of Ivory Coast, Government of Jordan, Government of Madagascar, Government of Mali, Government of Mauritania, Government of Morocco, Government of Nepal, Government of Niger, Government of Nigeria, Government of Pakistan, Government of Peru, Government of Portugal, Government of Romania, Government of Rwanda, Government of Senegal, Government of Serbia (Yugoslavia), Government of Spain, Government of Sri Lanka, Government of Sweden, Government of Tanzania, Government of Togo, Government of Tunisia, Government of Zambia
Dimension: Internationalized intrastate
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 916 |
| Best | 906 |
| Low | 743 |
Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year
2022
Primary Parties: Government of Central African Republic - CPC
Secondary Warring Parties Side A: Government of Argentina, Government of Bangladesh, Government of Benin, Government of Bhutan, Government of Bolivia, Government of Brazil, Government of Burkina Faso, Government of Burundi, Government of Cambodia (Kampuchea), Government of Cameroon, Government of Colombia, Government of Congo, Government of Czech Republic, Government of Djibouti, Government of Ecuador, Government of Egypt, Government of France, Government of Gabon, Government of Gambia, Government of Ghana, Government of Guatemala, Government of Guinea, Government of Indonesia, Government of Ivory Coast, Government of Jordan, Government of Kazakhstan, Government of Kenya, Government of Mali, Government of Mauritania, Government of Mexico, Government of Moldova, Government of Morocco, Government of Nepal, Government of Niger, Government of Nigeria, Government of Pakistan, Government of Paraguay, Government of Peru, Government of Philippines, Government of Portugal, Government of Romania, Government of Russia (Soviet Union), Government of Rwanda, Government of Senegal, Government of Serbia (Yugoslavia), Government of Sierra Leone, Government of Spain, Government of Sri Lanka, Government of Sweden, Government of Tanzania, Government of Togo, Government of Tunisia, Government of Turkey, Government of United States of America, Government of Vietnam (North Vietnam), Government of Zambia, Government of Zimbabwe (Rhodesia)
Dimension: Internationalized intrastate
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 803 |
| Best | 677 |
| Low | 677 |
Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year
2023
Primary Parties: Government of Central African Republic - CPC
Secondary Warring Parties Side A: Government of Bangladesh, Government of Benin, Government of Bhutan, Government of Brazil, Government of Burkina Faso, Government of Burundi, Government of Cambodia (Kampuchea), Government of Cameroon, Government of China, Government of Congo, Government of Djibouti, Government of Egypt, Government of Gambia, Government of Ghana, Government of Guinea, Government of Indonesia, Government of Ivory Coast, Government of Jordan, Government of Mali, Government of Mauritania, Government of Morocco, Government of Nepal, Government of Niger, Government of Nigeria, Government of Pakistan, Government of Peru, Government of Portugal, Government of Romania, Government of Rwanda, Government of Senegal, Government of Serbia (Yugoslavia), Government of Spain, Government of Sri Lanka, Government of Sweden, Government of Tanzania, Government of Togo, Government of Tunisia, Government of Turkey, Government of Zambia
Dimension: Internationalized intrastate
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 274 |
| Best | 253 |
| Low | 246 |
Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year
2024
Primary Parties: Government of Central African Republic - CPC
Secondary Warring Parties Side A: Government of Argentina, Government of Bangladesh, Government of Benin, Government of Bhutan, Government of Burkina Faso, Government of Burundi, Government of Cambodia (Kampuchea), Government of Cameroon, Government of China, Government of Congo, Government of Djibouti, Government of Egypt, Government of Gambia, Government of Ghana, Government of Guinea, Government of Indonesia, Government of Ivory Coast, Government of Jordan, Government of Mali, Government of Mauritania, Government of Morocco, Government of Nepal, Government of Niger, Government of Nigeria, Government of Pakistan, Government of Peru, Government of Portugal, Government of Romania, Government of Russia (Soviet Union), Government of Rwanda, Government of Senegal, Government of Serbia (Yugoslavia), Government of Spain, Government of Sri Lanka, Government of Tanzania, Government of Togo, Government of Tunisia, Government of Turkey, Government of Turkmenistan, Government of Zambia
Dimension: Internationalized intrastate
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 468 |
| Best | 196 |
| Low | 178 |
Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year
2025
Primary Parties: Government of Central African Republic - CMSPR, CPC, CPC-F
Secondary Warring Parties Side A: Government of Bangladesh, Government of Bhutan, Government of Burkina Faso, Government of Burundi, Government of Cambodia (Kampuchea), Government of Cameroon, Government of China, Government of Congo, Government of Djibouti, Government of Egypt, Government of France, Government of Gambia, Government of Ghana, Government of Indonesia, Government of Ivory Coast, Government of Jordan, Government of Mali, Government of Mauritania, Government of Mongolia, Government of Morocco, Government of Nepal, Government of Niger, Government of Pakistan, Government of Peru, Government of Portugal, Government of Romania, Government of Russia (Soviet Union), Government of Rwanda, Government of Senegal, Government of Serbia (Yugoslavia), Government of Spain, Government of Sri Lanka, Government of Tanzania, Government of Togo, Government of Tunisia, Government of Turkey, Government of Vietnam (North Vietnam), Government of Zambia
Dimension: Internationalized intrastate
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 213 |
| Best | 197 |
| Low | 193 |
Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year
Conflict Archive
This section contains annual information no longer systematically collected by the UCDP.
2001 Conflict Archive
Negotiations: NO
Third party involvement: YES
Third party involvement names: The UN peace envoy and former Malian President Amadou Toumani, the UN peace envoy Touré.
Comment on Third Party Involvement: The UN condemned the coup, but stressed that there must not be a witch-hunt of the Yakoma tribe. The UN peace envoy, former Malian President Amadou Toumani, held talks with the government, the opposition and civil society. In November - after the termination of armed force - when unrest resurged with somewhat different parties, third party efforts were intensified. The UN peace envoy Lamine Cisse, a Senegalese retired army general, made mediation efforts. Chadian Ambassador Maitimo Njumbe also played an active role. Also an OAU mediation team, led by OAU Secretary General Mahamat Habib Doutoum, was involved in the talks.
Victory: YES
Victory side: a
Comment on Victory: The government responded swiftly and effectively to the insurgency. Troops loyal to the government suppressed the coup within a few days. The victory was completely assured after two weeks, when the government troops had full control of the capital. President Patasse could therefore announce the failure of the coup on 8 June. It should be noted that a different interpretation than victory is possible. The termination of armed force could instead be considered as low activity, as armed force against the government resurged on 5 November. However, the military faction had changed somewhat in composition. Mutinous soldiers had got a new leader in sacked defence minister General Bozizé. Also some other factions within the army, previously loyal to Patasse, had joined Bozizé. Therefore, new divisions were created and a somewhat new opposition group had appeared. Considering that the opposition party throughout the two insurrections had changed in this way, the armed force resurging in November should be seen as a new dyad.
Terminated: NO
2002 Conflict Archive
Comment on Yearly Battle Related Deaths: Note that even though there were continuous clashes along the CAR - Chad border through the year, resulting in many deaths, these are not included, since they occurred before Bozizé stated the aim of his actions. Thus, the only deaths included are the ones occurring after September 2002."
Negotiations: NO
Comment on Negotiation: Even though no negotiations took place between Bozizés rebels and president Patasses government, talks between CAR and Chad officials, which to some extent influenced and concerned this conflict, were held during the year. As Bozizé and a number of his men had fled to Chad after resisting arrest in Bangui in November 2001, relations between the two neighbouring countries soured. Further contributing to the escalation of animosity between the two countries was the presence of Abdoulaye Miskine – whom the Chadian authorities believe to be a former Chad rebel leader - in the CAR army. During 2002, there were numerous clashes and incursions along the two countrys common border and in August an emergency summit meeting of the Communauté économique et monétaire de lAfrique centrale (CEMAC) took place. The meeting resulted in the dispatchment of an observer mission to the border region, instructed to examine the security situation. However, as armed clashes continued, tension rose even further, and in early October 2002 a CEMAC meeting was held in Libreville, seeking to defuse the situation. An agreement was reached whereby Bozizé and Miskine were granted asylum in France and Togo respectively. Furthermore, a CEMAC force was deployed in Bangui to protect the president.
Third party involvement: YES
Third party involvement names: CEN-SAD (Community of Sahel and Saharan States) and CEMAC (Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa).
Comment on Third Party Involvement: At an extraordinary CEN-SAD summit, held in Khartoum in December 2001, it had been decided that the regional body would send a peacekeeping force to CAR in view to safeguard the countrys democratically elected institutions. Thus, in early 2002, the around 200 Libyan troops already present in the country were joined by troops from fellow-CEN-SAD states Sudan and Djibouti.
At a CEMAC meeting in Libreville, Gabon in October 2002, it was agreed that an inter-African observation force was to be dispatched to Bangui, the capital of CAR. It was set to number some 350 troops from Gabon, Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea and Mali. Its mandate included protecting the president, participating in the restructuring of the countrys armed forces and enforcing security around the CAR-Chad border. The first contingent of the force arrived in December 2002, replacing the CEN-SAD troops.
Victory: NO
Terminated: YES
Type of termination: No or Low Activity
Date of termination: 2002-12-31
Comment on Termination: The conflict in CAR was never active in 2003 and the termination of the use of armed force is consequently coded as low activity. However on 15 March 2003, former army general Francois Bozize ousted the sitting president Ange-Felix Patasse in a coup and 2003 could be seen as a year of victory. However, in 2006 the governmental conflict in Central African Republic re-emerged and because of that it is not coded as terminated in 2003.
2003 Conflict Archive
Comment on Activity: On March 15 2003, former army general Francois Bozize ousted the sitting president Ange-Felix Patasse in a coup. The ensuing fighting and looting killed at least 13 people. Since no more casualties have been reported, the conflict in the Central African Republic has not been coded as active in 2003.
Comment on Yearly Battle Related Deaths: During former army general Francois Bozizes successful coup on 15 March 2003, at least 13 people were reported to have been killed in the ensuing fighting and looting.
Negotiations: NO
Comment on Negotiation: Former President Ange-Félix Patassé was ousted in March and Francois Bozizé assumed power. Prior to the take-over, there were no negotiations between the parties, and afterwards Patassé withdrew to Togo where he lives in exile.
However, even though these parties did not engage in dialogue, a reconciliation process was taking place on the country level. Betwen 15 September and 15 October a national dialogue brought almost all the country’s political actors and all of civil society together. CAR has a history marred by violence and the national dialogue was aimed at reconciling the war-torn country. For one month, the delegates discussed and made recommendations on issues including truth and reconciliation, politics and diplomacy, economy and finances, defence and security and education, social affairs and culture.
Third party involvement: YES
Third party involvement names: Gabon, Republic of Congo and a CEMAC peacekeeping force
Comment on Third Party Involvement: On 18 March 2003, three days after Francois Bozizes coup, the Gabonese foreign minister Jean Ping and the foreign minister of the Republic of Congo Rodolphe Adada came to Bangui for peace talks.
The CEMAC peacekeeping force offered no resistance when Bozizés forces launched its attack on Bangui on March 15. After Bozizé seized power, the CEMAC troops remained in the country. At a CEMAC summit in Libreville in June, a new mandate was formulated for the force, focusing mainly on providing security in the country and helping with disarmament. The force, which had initially remained in and around the capital Bangui, little by little extended its operations to other parts of the country. By July the security situation in Bangui was considerably improved and two thirds of the peace keepers were sent to northern CAR, where insecurity had persisted since 2002. During the year, the force was boosted by 121 Chadian troops. Other contributing nations was in 2003 Gabon (139 troops) and the Republic of Congo (120 troops).
Victory: YES
Victory side: b
Comment on Victory: On 15 March 2003, former army general Francois Bozize ousted the sitting president Ange-Felix Patasse in a coup. Since the hostilities quickly ended after the successful coup and the former President Ange-Felix Patasse went into exile in Togo, the conflict has been coded as a victory for Bozizes military faction.
Terminated: NO
2004 Conflict Archive
Terminated: NO
2006 Conflict Archive
Comment on Activity: The conflict in Central African Republic became active again in 2006 after three years of inactivity. This was due to the formation of a new rebel group called Union of Democratic Forces for Unity (UFDR). The group was a formation of three small rebel groups and clashes between UFDR and the government of Central African Republic occurred on several occasions during the fall. The fighting took place in the northern part of CAR bordering Chad and Sudan. The fighting started when UFDR rebels succeeded in capturing the town of Birao in north-eastern part of CAR. French played an important role in this fighting with its logistical support to the governmental troops.
Comment on Yearly Battle Related Deaths: The different between best and high is mainly due to rebels and government claim different numbers of death from several of the clashes."
Negotiations: NO
Comment on Negotiation: There were no negotiations taking place between the government of Central African Republic and UFDR during 2006.
Third party involvement: NO
Third party involvement names: CEMAC (Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa)
Comment on Third Party Involvement: In 2006 the Central African Monetary and Economic Community (CEMAC) peacekeeping force maintained in Central African Republic. The name of this mission is FOMUC=Force multinationale en Centrafrique. The FOMUC mandate expires 30 June 2007. The main mission was to provide security and to assist in the disarmament process.
The size of this troop is 380 and consists of troops from three different countries: Congo (120), Gabon (139) and Chad (121).
In November 2006 the Chadian parliament decided to send more troops to the CEMAC force in CAR. However, the size of this reinforcement was not clear.
Victory: NO
Terminated: YES
Type of termination: No or Low Activity
Date of termination: 2006-12-31
2007 Conflict Archive
Comment on Activity: Due to low activity and a signed peace-agreement in 2007 the conflict in Central African Republic was terminated at the end of 2006. There were two groups involved in fighting against the government in the year of 2007 but the fighting was on a very low scale and hence none of the groups was close to reach the UCDP-criteria of 25 battle related deaths. The two groups were Union of Democratic Forces for Unity (UFDR) that were mostly located in the northeast part of the country and CAR Peoples Army for the Restoration of the Republic and Democracy (APRD). In April the Government of Central African Republic and UFDR signed a peace agreement and after that no clashes between those former warring parties was reported.
Negotiations: YES
Comment on Negotiation: Negotiations between the Government of Central African Republic and UFDR led to the signing of a peace agreement on 13 April 2007.
Third party involvement: YES
Third party involvement names: UN/EU and CEMAC
Comment on Third Party Involvement: In September the UN Security Council passed resolution 1778 which established the UN Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (MINURCAT). The mandate of this mission is to bring security and protection of civilians and to work for human rights and the rule of law in eastern Chad and the north-eastern Central African Republic. This mission should be conducted in co-operation with EU who will deploy a force called EUFOR TCHAD/RCA with 4300 troops. The deployment of this force was about to take place in November 2007. However, at the end of 2007 just a small civilian group had been deployed.
In addition to this the Central African Monetary and Economic Community (CEMAC) peacekeeping force maintained in Central African Republic. CEMAC concists of six countries: Cameroon, CAR, Chad, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of Congo (Brazzaville). The name of this mission is FOMUC=Force multinationale en Centrafrique. The main mission was to promote security in the country and to help restructure the Central African Republic Army to fight rebels in the north-east.
Victory: NO
Terminated: NO
2008 Conflict Archive
Terminated: NO
2009 Conflict Archive
Comment on Activity: In 2009 the conflict over government was active in Central African Republic due to fighting between the government and the CPJP a new rebel group. The fighting was located in the northeastern part of CAR, close to the Chadian border. CPJP base is located north of the town of Ndélé and most of the members and supporters of the CPJP comes from the ethnic group of the Runga. CPJP regarded Bozize as the main problem of CAR and demanded his reassignment. Other plausible benefits from the rebellion could be stronger negotiations position, benefits from DDR-program or lucrative posts in the administration. However, the government of CAR was determined to solve this problem military.
Comment on Yearly Battle Related Deaths: The variation between the best and high estimate is due to that the parties at several times claimed that they had killed more enemies than could be independently confirmed.
Negotiations: NO
Comment on Negotiation: There were no negotiations taking place in 2009.
Third party involvement: NO
Third party involvement names: EUFOR (European Union Force) Tchad/RCA, MINURCAT (United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad), MICOPAX (The Mission for the consolidation of peace in Central African Republic)
Comment on Third Party Involvement: On 15 March 2009 a transfer of authority from EUFOR to MINURCAT took place. This transformation was decided in the Security Council resolution 1778 from 25 September 2007. The three main parts of the MINURCAT mandate was: security and protection of civilians, human rights and the rule of law and regional peace support. The mandate also states that the force should have a maximum of 300 police officers, 25 military liaison officers and 5 200 military personnel. As of 30 November 2009 the number of deployed troops in MINURCAT was 3, 032 uniformed personnel. It should be noted that these troops were divided between the two countries of Chad and CAR with a majority of the troops being located in Chad.
Victory: NO
Terminated: NO
2010 Conflict Archive
Comment on Activity: The conflict in Central African Republic was active in 2010 because of continued fighting between the government and the CPJP rebel group. During 2010 rather small-scale fighting between the CPJP and the government took place throughout the year. The fighting was concentrated to the northeast part of the country, a region that boarders Chad and Sudan’s volatile region of Darfur. In contrast to several other rebel groups in Central African Republic the CPJP has not signed any peace-agreement with the government. Instead, the CPJP has increased its number of rebels and there are also reports stating that they are joined by rebels from Chad and Sudan. However, from which rebel groups these recruits come from has not been revealed.
Comment on Yearly Battle Related Deaths: The difference between the best and high estimate are due to some uncertainties about some claims about killing many soldiers from the opponent side. Such statements are sometimes done by both the government and the rebels and when they can not be confirmed they are coded as high estimates.
Negotiations: NO
Comment on Negotiation: At certain times during the year the CPJP demanded negotiations but no negotiations took place during 2010.
Third party involvement: YES
Third party involvement names: MINURCAT (United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad),
BINUCA (United Nations Integrated Peace-building Office in the Central African Republic)
MICOPAX (The Mission for the consolidation of peace in Central African Republic)
Comment on Third Party Involvement: In 2010 MINURCAT continued to be a third party actor in the conflict in Central African Republic. However, their mandate was not prolonged and at the end of the year they had handed over all their responsibilities to governmental security units. The reason behind that the mandate was not prolonged was that the Chadian government did not want to prolong the mandate. As the MINURCAT is a joint Chad/Car mission this also affected CAR.
BINUCA (The United Nations Integrated Peace-building Office in the Central African Republic) is a field office of the United Nations, Department of Political Affairs which has a mandate from the Security Council to promote peace and stability in the Central African Republic and reduce cross-border insecurity.
MICOPAX (The Mission for the consolidation of peace in Central African Republic), in early 2010 ECCAS (the Economic Community of Central African States) deployed a civilian component which included a police unit of 150 officers and a political unit to MICOPAX.
Victory: NO
Terminated: NO
2011 Conflict Archive
Comment on Activity: The conflict in Central African Republic was active in 2011 due to fighting between the government and the CPJP rebel group. The fighting was located in the northern part of Central African Republic and took place between February and April. The most violent clash took place in mid-April when about 27 people were killed in clashes close to the village of Sissikebe in Northern Central African Republic. After this fighting the rebel group announced that it was willing to negotiate with the government and negotiations took place in early June which led to the signing of a peace agreement on 12 June.
Comment on Yearly Battle Related Deaths: In 2011 the fighting started in February and continued until mid-April. The difference between the best and high estimate was due to some deaths claimed by the warring parties but not independently confirmed. In these cases the claimed deaths were coded as the high estimate when they seem reasonable.
Negotiations: YES
Comment on Negotiation: In early June the government and CPJP were involved in negotiations that took place in the northern town of Ndele. As part of this process the CPJP agreed to enter the disarmament, demobilisation and social reintegration (DDR) campaign organised by the government and already signed by several other rebel groups.
Third party involvement: NO
Third party involvement names: BINUCA (United Nations Integrated Peace-building Office in the Central African Republic)
MICOPAX (The Mission for the consolidation of peace in Central African Republic)
Comment on Third Party Involvement: BINUCA (The United Nations Integrated Peace-building Office in the Central African Republic) is a field office of the United Nations, Department of Political Affairs which has a mandate from the Security Council to promote peace and stability in the Central African Republic and reduce cross-border insecurity. At the end of 2011 the mandate of BINUCA was prolonged until 31 January 2013.
Victory: NO
Terminated: YES
Date of termination: 2012-06-12
Comment on Termination: The conflict in Central African Republic is coded as terminated because of a peace agreement signed between the CPJP rebel group and the government. After the signing of the agreement on 12 June 2011 no fighting between the government and CPJP was reported.
Comment on Termination Date: On 12 June 2012 the government and CPJP signed a peace agreement in the city of Ndele located in Northern Central African Republic.
2012 Conflict Archive
Comment on Activity: The conflict in Central African Republic was active in 2012 due to fighting between the government and the Seleka rebel group. Seleka is a coalition consisting of the three former rebel groups of CPJP, UFDR, and CPSK. The fighting started on 10 December and the rebels won numerous military victories and captured several cities in the Northern part of CAR. The rebel advance continued and at the end of the year they controlled large parts of the country and the government feared that they would also attack the capital of Bangui. At the end of the year, however, the capital had not been attacked.
Negotiations: YES
Comment on Negotiation: In 2012, negotiations between CPJP and the government took place. This resulted in a peace agreement signed in August. One faction of the group did not recognise the agreement reached on the 25th of August by their leader and waged several armed actions in mid-September. However, different armed groups allied under the name Seleka incited a rebellion on the 10th of December, and quickly control of towns in the country, threatening to bring down president François Bozizé if he did not implement the peace agreement reached in 2007. He refused, although he did announce the resignation of his Minister of Defence, his son, and the resignation of his Military Chief of Staff. Confronted with international pressure and rapid advance of the rebels, the president agreed to hold talks in January 2013.
Third party involvement: YES
Third party involvement names: AU, FOMAC, BINUCA, MICOPAX (ECCAS)
Comment on Third Party Involvement: AU, FOMAC, and BINUCA witnessed the between the CPJP and the Central African Republic government. Furthermore, the African Union and FOMAC (the Central African Multinational Force) both tried to launch negotiations in 2012 between Seleka and the Government.
In December 2012, ECCAS heads of state held an emergency summit meeting in N’Djamena and recommended a some measures to end the conflict. These included the immediate cessation of hostilities, the withdrawal of the rebels from occupied towns and the immediate dispatch of a MICOPAX peacekeeping mission.
In addition, BINUCA (The United Nations Integrated Peace-building Office in the Central African Republic) is a field office of the United Nations, Department of Political Affairs which has a mandate from the Security Council to promote peace and stability in the Central African Republic and reduce cross-border insecurity. At the end of 2011 the mandate of BINUCA was prolonged until 31 January 2013.
Victory: NO
Terminated: NO
2013 Conflict Archive
Comment on Activity: 2013 started with peace talks between the Séléka and the Bozizé Government in Libreville under the auspices of the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS). These talks resulted in the signing, on 11 January 2013, of the Libreville Agreements, which provided for transitional and power-sharing measures.
Séléka resumed hostilities on 22 March 2013 and, two days later, entered Bangui and took control of the presidential palace, forcing President Bozizé to flee the country.
The leader of the Séléka, Michel Djotodia took office and suspended the Constitution, dissolved the Government of National Unity, the National Assembly and the Constitutional Court, and commenced to rule by decree. Djotodia was officially sworn in as Head of State of the Transition on 18 August 2013.
After the fall of Bangui violence spread over the country and there were reports of religious killings. (to read more about this see anti-Balaka - ex-Seleka non-state conflict and one-sided violence by the different groups).
Negotiations: YES
Comment on Negotiation: Four days of negotiations led on 11 January to the signing of the Libreville Agreement.
Third party involvement: YES
Third party involvement names: ECCAS (Economic Community of Central African States, Communauté Économique des États de lAfrique Centrale, CEEAC)
MISCA/ AFISM-CAR (African-led International Support Mission in the CAR)
MICOPAX (Mission for the Consolidation of Peace in CAR)
BINUCA (UN Integrated Peacebuilding Office in the Central African Republic)
President of the Congo, Denis Sasso-Nguesso
Gabon
France
Comment on Third Party Involvement: ECCAS organized the negotiations in January 2013.
President of the Congo, Denis Sasso-Nguesso mediated during the Libreville negotiations.
Gabon Good office
ECCAS’s Mission MICOPAX was tasked with monitoring the ceasefire and the political agreement of 11 January. On 31 December 2012, Congo, Cameroon and Gabon deployed additional troops to the Central African Republic to support MICOPAX, which brought the total number of troops to about 700 to cover the whole country.
In a 19 July communiqué the AU’s Peace and Security Council authorised the deployment of AFISM-CAR for an initial period of six months, to take over from MICOPAX. AFISM-CAR was mandated to protect civilians, restore public order, stabilise the security situation, reform the defence and security sector and facilitate the provision of humanitarian aid. The African-led International Support Mission in the Central African Republic (MISCA) was officially launched on 19 December in a ceremony held in Bangui.
On 24 January the Security Council Resolution 2088 extend the mandate of BINUCA until 31 January 2014.
On 9 December, the Government of France launched Operation Sangaris and deployed 600 troops in support of MICOPAX.
Victory: YES
Victory side: b
Comment on Victory: On 24 March 2013 Seleka seized the capital, Bangui, forcing President Bozizé to flee the country.
Terminated: YES
Type of termination: Other
Date of termination: 2013-12-31
Comment on Termination: On 24 March 2013 Seleka seized the capital, Bangui, forcing President Bozizé to flee the country. As a response Anti-Balaka rose up to fight the Seleka government until 1 January 2014 interim President Michel Djotodia was forced to resign by international pressure due to the sectarian violence that had spread in the country.
2014 Conflict Archive
Negotiations: YES
Comment on Negotiation: A regional conference was held in Brazzaville in July, entitled Forum for National Reconciliation and Political Dialogue, at which a cessation of hostilities agreement was signed. However, the agreement was breached by the parties.
Third party involvement: YES
Third party involvement names: France (Operation Sangaris), MICOPAX/FOMAC (transformed into the AU mission MISCA, in turn transformed into the UN mission MINUSCA), EUFOR
Terminated: NO
2015 Conflict Archive
Negotiations: YES
Comment on Negotiation: In 2015, the Bangui Forum, a national reconciliation meeting was held. It led to the creation of a national disarmament committee joined by anti-Balaka.
Third party involvement: YES
Third party involvement names: MINUSCA
France (Operation Sangaris), EUFOR
Victory: NO
Terminated: NO
2016 Conflict Archive
Negotiations: NO
Third party involvement: YES
Third party involvement names: African Initiative for Peace and Reconciliation, International Support Group for the CAR, ISG-CAR
Comment on Third Party Involvement: The African Initiative for Peace and Reconciliation was established at the end of 2016. The initiative aimed to coordinate all mediation efforts in the country. It was led by the AU, with the the support of the countries in the region, through the ECCAS, the International Conference on the Great Lakes Region (ICGLR), Angola, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo and Chad.
International Support Group for the CAR, ISG-CAR was established in August 2016.
Terminated: NO
2017 Conflict Archive
Negotiations: YES
Comment on Negotiation: The Government and representatives of the armed groups in the country, and members of the international community met on 20 and 21 April in Bangui. The aim was to agree to a pilot programme for the reintegration of former combatants. The pilot programme was launched on 30 August.
On 19 June 2017 the groups signed a Peace agreement including a ceasefire in Rome.
Third party involvement: YES
Third party involvement names: African Initiative for Peace and Reconciliation in the Central African Republic, Sant'Egidio community.
Comment on Third Party Involvement: In 2017 the third parties in the conflict agreed to a single roadmap for a broader mediation process on 21 June 2017, in Brussels, the Government and all of the mediating actors, including the EU and the members of the African Initiative for Peace and Reconciliation and the Sant’Egidio Community. And on on 17 July, in Libreville, representatives from the AU, the ECCAS and the ICGLR, as well as the Foreign Affairs Ministers of Angola, Chad, Gabon, the CAR
and the Rep. of the Congo adopted an integrated roadmap (Roadmap for Peace and National Reconciliation) for the African Initiative.
Terminated: NO
2018 Conflict Archive
Comment on Activity: 2018 was the first year of activity of the governmental conflict in CAR since 2013, resulting from direct confrontations between joint MINUSCA/FACA squads and UPC fighters in Ouaka province in May 2018, which marked a new development. The incompatibility between the UPC and the government of the CAR dated back to 2016. In exchange for peace, the leadership of the UPC demanded governmental positions to the degree that it would have substantially restructured the government.
Negotiations: NO
Comment on Negotiation: In August, the demands of the 14 armed groups were harmonised during a meeting in Bouar facilitated by the Peace Initiative. These demands were submitted to the government as the base for the planned talks in November 2018. UN trainings were organised throughout the summer for the armed groups, while Russia and Sudan facilitated parallel spaces of dialogue. This Russian-Sudanese track was opened uncoordinated from the AU-led Peace Initiative, among growing concerns that it will lead to a cacophony of voices and a failure of the peace process.
In November, a coalition of political parties and civil society groups signed a memorandum requesting that the AU-led dialogue be more inclusive.
Third party involvement: YES
Third party involvement names: African Initiative for Peace and Reconciliation in the Central African Republic
Comment on Third Party Involvement: The expansion of MINUSCA’s mandate was delayed for a month in November due to the reservations of different UN Security Council countries, such as the United States and Russia. In mid-December, with China and Russia abstaining, the UN Security Council finally extended MINUSCA’s mandate until the end of 2019. The peacekeeping force has 11,650 troops and 2,080 police officers.
Victory: NO
Terminated: NO
2019 Conflict Archive
Comment on Activity: In 2019, the conflict was active mainly due to a major confrontation between UPC and the Government of Central African Republic in January 2019 in Ouoka, Bambari. On 6 February 2019, the Political Agreement for Peace and Reconciliation in the Central African Republic was signed in Bangui. UPC, which was the primary armed actor triggering the activity of governmental conflict in CAR also in 2018, was among the parties of the agreement. Though several clashes between the two parties had been observed through the rest of the year, they were not as substantial as the one that took place in January. Overall, the agreement had an impact on reducing the level of state-based violence in CAR, though it is difficult to say the same for non-state and one-sided violence.
Negotiations: YES
Comment on Negotiation: After a year of mediation efforts of a team formed by the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), negotiations were held between 24 January and 5 February, with the African Union (AU) and the United Nations (UN) leading the talks. The Government of Central African Republic (CAR) and 14 armed groups signed the agreement on 6 February 2019 with AU and ECCAS being the guarantors. The creation of the new government agreed upon in the agreement was problematic for the armed groups as it included representatives of only 6 armed groups. As a result, five groups rejected the government and two withdrew from the agreement. A meeting was then organised by the AU in Addis Ababa to review new proposals for a more inclusive government. A new government was announced in March with representatives from 12 groups. In April, the UN, the AU and the EU travelled to Bangui to try to convince the armed groups to respect the agreement.
Third party involvement: YES
Third party involvement names: African Initiative for Peace and Reconciliation in the Central African Republic, Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), African Union (AU) and the United Nations (UN)
Victory: NO
Terminated: NO
2020 Conflict Archive
Comment on Activity: In early 2020, the conflict over the government was active mainly due to confrontations between UPC and the Government of Central African Republic. Starting from April 2020, some of the 2019 Khartum Accord signatory rebel groups declared that they suspended participating in the national unity government, which had been formed following the peace agreement. The tensions were at a worrying level, leading to the UNSC resolution to extend the mandate of MINUSCA in November 2020 for one more year. In addition to MINUSCA's efforts to restore the state authority, Russia sent military experts to support the government forces, and Rwanda sent troops to fight the rebels in CAR. The conflict spiraled out of control after the Constitutional Court rejected the candidacy of Bozizé for the elections in late December 2020. On 15 December, six rebel groups (MPC, UPC, FPRC, 3R, anti-Balaka Mokom, and anti-Balaka Ngaissona) declared that they were united under the Coalition of Patriots for Change (CPC) banner against the government. The government accused Bozizé of plotting a coup with the CPC rebels. A few days after the elections, President Faustin-Archange Touadéra dismissed three rebel chiefs from the government on December 31, signaling the end of the Khartoum deal.
Negotiations: YES
Comment on Negotiation: The armed groups FPRC, UPC and MPC denounced the delays in the implementation of the peace agreement and called for new peace talks in January. Following this, some armed groups abandoned the 2019 agreement. Upon accusing the government of failing in fulfilling their commitments, seven armed groups left the government and the 2019 peace agreement. In August, the AU initiated talks between the government, CEEAC, MINUSCA and the group MPC in order to encourage the group to follow the peace agreement. Complaints from armed groups continued in September. Some armed groups asked ECCAS President Ali Bongo Ondimba to organise an arbitration meeting among the heads of state of the region, as provided in Article 34 of the Political Agreement. In October, representatives of the government and MINUSCA and guarantors of the peace agreement met with 3R leader Sidiki Abbas to discuss preparations for the elections, at which Abbas vowed not to block the voter registration process in the northwest.
Third party involvement: YES
Third party involvement names: MINUSCA, AU
Terminated: NO
2021 Conflict Archive
Comment on Activity: Over the course of 2021, slightly less than 1000 battle-related deaths were recorded under the Central African Republic: Government conflict, primarily as a result of incidents related to CPC and UPC. In accordance with the UCDP conflict intensity definitions, the country was on the verge of war.
Throughout the year, the 2019 Khartoum Accord remained ineffective as the Coalition of Patriots for Change (CPC) continued its armed struggle against the CAR government and attacked major towns. The CPC coalition clashed not only with the government forces but also with the UN peacekeeping mission in CAR, known as MINUSCA. Other than MINUSCA, the Wagner Group had also been operating in the country, militarily supporting the government led by Faustin-Archange Touadéra in its battle against rebels.
In April 2021, one of the most prominent coalition partners, Unity for Peace in Central Africa (UPC), withdrew from the CPC following a statement issued by UPC leader Ali Darassa. The development did not lead to the cessation of hostilities. The CPC and UPC both actively challenged government power in the CAR. Though the CAR government declared a unilateral ceasefire to initiate negotiations in October 2021, it did not significantly reduce the intensity of organized violence. In mid-December 2021, UPC formally rejoined the CPC.
Negotiations: YES
Comment on Negotiation: Following the CPC military offensive, Angola tried to facilitate talks between the rebel coalition and the government, which the government refused. In March, the re-elected president Touadéra announced a national dialogue, which was broadly rejected by the opposition for cause of not including all armed groups and the CPC coalition. In September, the Organising Committee of the Republican Dialogue was formed, facilitated by Sant’Egidio, and participants signed a statement with a roadmap to peace . In that spirit, on the 15th October President Touadéra declared a unilateral ceasefire regarding the armed groups. The CPC agreed to respect the ceasefire if the government committed to doing so. However, within the next two weeks, both sides repeatedly violated the ceasefire. In October, the government took away the impunity of three MPs accused of collaborating with the December 2020 military offensive led by former President François Bozizé. Following this, the opposition coalition COD-2020 withdrew from the negotiating process, accusing President Touadéra of violating parliamentary immunity. The main opposition parties rallied behind that position in November, stating they would only participate in the process if the proceedings against the three MPs were scrapped.
Third party involvement: YES
Third party involvement names: MINUSCA, Sant'Egidio
Terminated: NO
2022 Conflict Archive
Comment on Activity: The Central African Republic: Government conflict persisted through 2022, resulting in nearly 700 battle-related deaths in organized violence. Coalition of Patriots for Change (CPC) sustained its armed struggle against the CAR government, launching attacks on critical urban centers. The CPC not only engaged in clashes with government forces but also confronted the UN peacekeeping mission in the CAR, known as MINUSCA, which was established in 2014. Apart from MINUSCA, the Wagner Group, a private military company, was also active in the country, providing military support to the government led by Faustin-Archange Touadéra in its fight against the rebels.
Negotiations: NO
Comment on Negotiation: The fight between the CPC and the government persisted while the implementation of the 2019 peace agreement moved slowly with the armed groups that had not abandoned it. MINUSCA continued to support the government’s local mediation and reconciliation initiatives, including by facilitating meetings of the prefectural monitoring mechanism.
Third party involvement: YES
Third party involvement names: MINUSCA
Terminated: NO
2023 Conflict Archive
Comment on Activity: The Central African Republic: Government conflict persisted through 2023, resulting in over 250 battle-related deaths. Coalition of Patriots for Change (CPC) continued its armed struggle against the CAR government. The CPC not only engaged in clashes with government forces but also confronted the UN peacekeeping mission in the CAR, known as MINUSCA, which was established in 2014. Due to the precarious security situation, the UN Security Council extended MINUSCA's mandate for another year in November 2023. Apart from MINUSCA, the Wagner Group, a private military company, was also active in the country, providing military support to the government led by Faustin-Archange Touadéra in its fight against the rebels. Although Yevgeny Prigozhin, the leader of Wagner, died in a private jet crash in August 2023, the group maintained its presence in CAR.
Negotiations: NO
Third party involvement: YES
Third party involvement names: MINUSCA
The African Initiative for Peace and Reconciliation (AU and ECCAS, with the support of the UN, ICGLR, Angola, Gabon, the Rep. of the Congo and Chad), Community of Sant’Egidio, ACCORD, OIC, International Support Group (UN, EU, among others), Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, China, Russia, Sudan
Terminated: NO
2024 Conflict Archive
Comment on Activity: The Central African Republic: Government conflict continued throughout 2024, resulting in approximately 200 battle-related deaths. The Coalition of Patriots for Change (CPC) maintained its armed campaign against the CAR government, engaging in clashes with both government forces and the United Nations peacekeeping mission, MINUSCA, which has operated in the country since 2014. In response to the persistent insecurity, the UN Security Council extended MINUSCA’s mandate for another year in November 2024. In addition to MINUSCA, the Africa Corps -which took over the operations of the Wagner Group- remained active in the CAR, supporting President Faustin-Archange Touadéra’s government in its operations against rebel groups. Since Africa Corps officially integrated into Russia’s military in 2023, Government of Russia is considered as the secondary warring party to the CAR government in state-based conflict, along with other MINUSCA troop contributing countries.
Negotiations: NO
Comment on Negotiation: The MINUSCA efforts in supporting the meetings of the implementation committees of the 2019 Agreement and awareness-raising activities in the prefectures to explain the Luanda Roadmap for Peace were not all that successful as some of the armed groups are absent from these meetings. They remain hostile to the government and in the CPC. However, since April, several armed groups that had signed the 2019 peace agreement have declared their official dissolution or transformed into political parties and some have done so after splitting internally. The leader of the UPC group also announced a ceasefire and a willingness to negotiate with the government, which was received as a betrayal by the leader of the CPC, former President François Bozizé. The situation remains precarious.
Terminated: NO
2025 Conflict Archive
Comment on Activity: The Central African Republic: Government conflict continued throughout 2025 but remained below the intensity of war, causing approximately 200 battle-related deaths. The government fought three armed groups, the Coalition of Patriots for Change (CPC), its breakaway the Coalition of Patriots for Change-Fundamental (CPC-F), and the Military Coalition for the Salvation of the People and Recovery (CMSPR). In a significant de-escalation, two of the most powerful rebel groups, the UPC and the 3R, signed a Chad-mediated ceasefire in April 2025 and were formally dissolved in July, although lower-level violence persisted. The UN peacekeeping mission MINUSCA, which has operated in the country since 2014, had its mandate renewed for a further year in November 2025. The Africa Corps, which took over the operations of the Wagner Group and is controlled by the Russian Ministry of Defence, remained active in support of President Faustin-Archange Touadéra's government. As a result, the Government of Russia is considered a secondary warring party to the CAR government in the state-based conflict, along with other MINUSCA troop-contributing countries. In December 2025, Touadéra was returned for a third term in elections the main opposition rejected as fraudulent.
Terminated: NO
