UCDP

General information

Type of Incompatibility: Government
Comment on Type of Incompatibility: Following the “Guatemalan Revolution” (1944-54), the relationship between the USA and Guatemala grew worse. In 1949 it was closing up on elections, and after the right-wing candidate was assassinated, parts of the army took to the streets attempting to overthrow the government. The short-lived intrastate conflict was beaten down when the Defence Minister Arbenz mobilized workers and students and provided them with arms. In the elections of 1950, Arbenz was elected President, and the center-left policies continued. US leaders were not content with the nationalization process of the holdings of US companies such as the United Fruits Company. In 1954, a CIA-supported insurgency overthrew the sitting government, and following a series of fraudulent elections, General Ydígoras became the new head of Guatemala.

In 1960, a third of the army was involved in a failed coup attempt, but some of those who participated in the coup was a couple of years later involved in the formation of one of the first guerrilla groups, the MR-13 (Movimiento Revolucionario 13 de Noviembre, Revolutionary Movement November 13). Together with some other guerrilla groups and the former Communist Party, which had been banned and renamed PGT (Partido Guatemalteca del Trabajado, Guatemalan Labor Party), they formed a resistance claiming to represent the wishes of the peoples.

After the 1960s, rebels had been almost battled to defeat. The 1970s saw both a resurrection of old groups but also a number of new guerrilla groups being born. Groups like ORPA (Organizacíon del Pueblo en Armas, Organization of People in Arms) and EGP (Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, Guerrilla Army of the Poor) were critical towards the old rebel groups. Mainly the new groups were concerned with the lack of incorporation of the indigenous Maya population in the revolutionary struggle. The counterinsurgency took a hard toll on the Mayas.

Date of first stated goal of incompatibility: 1962-12-31

Date of first use of armed force: 1963-03-22
Comment on first use of armed force: On 22 March 1963 five soldiers in the Guatemalan army were killed in scrimmages with FAR.

Date of first battle related death: 1949-07-18

Date of conflict reached 25 battle releated deaths: 1949-07-18

Annual information

This section contains annual information systematically collected by the UCDP.

1975

Primary Parties: Government of Guatemala - EGP, FAR II
Dimension: Internal

Estimated Fatalities
High	50
Best	50
Low	0

Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year

1976

Primary Parties: Government of Guatemala - EGP, FAR II
Dimension: Internal

Estimated Fatalities
High	50
Best	50
Low	0

Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year

1977

Primary Parties: Government of Guatemala - EGP, FAR II
Dimension: Internal

Estimated Fatalities
High	50
Best	50
Low	0

Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year

1978

Primary Parties: Government of Guatemala - EGP, FAR II
Dimension: Internal

Estimated Fatalities
High	50
Best	50
Low	0

Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year

1979

Primary Parties: Government of Guatemala - EGP, FAR II, ORPA
Dimension: Internal

Estimated Fatalities
High	75
Best	75
Low	0

Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year

1980

Primary Parties: Government of Guatemala - EGP, FAR II, ORPA
Dimension: Internal

Estimated Fatalities
High	75
Best	75
Low	0

Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year

1981

Primary Parties: Government of Guatemala - EGP, FAR I, FAR II, ORPA
Dimension: Internal

Estimated Fatalities
High	100
Best	100
Low	0

Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year

1982

Primary Parties: Government of Guatemala - URNG
Dimension: Internal

Estimated Fatalities
High	25
Best	25
Low	0

Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year

1983

Primary Parties: Government of Guatemala - URNG
Dimension: Internal

Estimated Fatalities
High	25
Best	25
Low	0

Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year

1984

Primary Parties: Government of Guatemala - URNG
Dimension: Internal

Estimated Fatalities
High	25
Best	25
Low	0

Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year

1985

Primary Parties: Government of Guatemala - URNG
Dimension: Internal

Estimated Fatalities
High	25
Best	25
Low	0

Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year

1986

Primary Parties: Government of Guatemala - URNG
Dimension: Internal

Estimated Fatalities
High	25
Best	25
Low	0

Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year

1987

Primary Parties: Government of Guatemala - URNG
Dimension: Internal

Estimated Fatalities
High	25
Best	25
Low	0

Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year

1988

Primary Parties: Government of Guatemala - URNG
Dimension: Internal

Estimated Fatalities
High	25
Best	25
Low	0

Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year

1989

Primary Parties: Government of Guatemala - URNG
Dimension: Internal

Estimated Fatalities
High	300
Best	82
Low	82

Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year

1990

Primary Parties: Government of Guatemala - URNG
Dimension: Internal

Estimated Fatalities
High	114
Best	83
Low	83

Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year

Peace agreements

Name of peace agreement: The Oslo Accord
Date when warring parties signed the agreement: 1990-03-30
Comment of peace agreement: Peace process agreement The Basic Agreement on the Search for Peace by Political Means was the first agreement in the Guatemalan peace process, participated in by the URNG rebels and the government of Guatemala. It set out arrangements for facilitation of future government - URNG dialogue, confirming the appointment and the mandate of the CNR conciliator (National Reconciliation Commission). It also confirmed the invitation for UN monitoring of the peace process, and outlined plans for a series of consultations involving the URNG and a range of civil and political groups, leading to a direct dialogue between the rebels and the government at an unspecified future date.
Signatories: For the Delegation of the National Reconciliation Commission: Jorge Serrano Ellías Mario Permuth Eduardo P. Villatoro, Executive Secretary of CNR

For the Delegation of the URNG: Luis Becker Guzmán Francisco Villagrán M. Jorge E. Rosal
Comment of signatories: Comprehensive peace agreement Under the terms of the 1987 Esquipulas II Agreement, the National Reconciliation Commission (CNR) was established by the government with one official delegate, one representative of existing political parties, one prominent citizen and a delegate from the Guatemalan Bishops Conference (CEG). In 1990 the government appointed its representative on the CNR and called for a summit between the commission and the URNG to prepare conditions for direct dialogue - the Oslo Accord.
Third parties: Norway

Full-text peace agreement

1991

Primary Parties: Government of Guatemala - URNG
Dimension: Internal

Estimated Fatalities
High	85
Best	72
Low	72

Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year

Peace agreements

Name of peace agreement: The Mexico Accord
Date when warring parties signed the agreement: 1991-04-26
Comment of peace agreement: Partial peace agreement The Mexico Agreement was the second stage in the Guatemalan peace process, begun in Oslo the year before.The agreement contained no agreements on the incompatibility and instead formalized the procedure under which future negotiations would take place. The formal procedures of negotiations would focus on direct meetings between the parties with the active participation of the Conciliator and in the presence of the Observer. The parties were to always be represented by high-level delegates. The parties also agreed not to abandon the process unilaterally.

The parties also agreed on the agenda for negotiations, divided into substantive and procedural issues. The substantive issues are to be discussed first and include democracy; human rights; refugees; a truth commission; indigenous rights; the economic, social and agrarian situation; the role of the army; strengthening of civil authorities and institutions; and constitutional reform. Procedural issues are to be discussed later, covering arrangements for a ceasefire and for the demobilisation and reintegration of the URNG into normal political life.
Signatories: For the Government: Manuel E. CONDE ORELLANA Brigader General Edgar Augusto GODOY GAITAN Brigader General Mario René ENRIQUEZ M. Colonel Marco Antonio GONZALEZ T Rubén amilcar BURGOS SOLIS Manolo BENDFELDT ALEJOS Brigader General josé D. GARCIA SAMAYOA Julio Arnoldo BALCONI TURCIOS Ernesto VITERI ECHEVERRIA José Luis ASENSIO AGUIRRE

For URNG: Commander Rolando MORÁN Commander Pablo MONSANTO Commander Gaspar ILÓM Carlos GONZALES Political and Diplomatic Commission Luis Becker GUZMAN Miguel Angel SANDOVAL Francisco VILLAGRAN MUÑOZ Luz MENDEZ

For the National Reconciliation Commission: Teresa BOLAÑOS DE ZARCO Mario PERMUTH LISTWA Oliverio GARCIA RODAS Luis MORALES CHUA Monsignor Rodolfo QUEZADA TORUÑO

For the UN: Franceso VENDRELL
Comment of signatories: Comprehensive peace agreement National Reconciliation Commission (CNR) was established by the government under the terms of the 1987 Esquipulas II agreement.
Third parties: Mexico, UN

Full-text peace agreement

Name of peace agreement: The Querétaro Agreement
Date when warring parties signed the agreement: 1991-07-25
Comment of peace agreement: Partial peace agreement The Queretaro agreement dealt with the issue of ‘democracy’ and what traits a true democratic society should have.Democracy was qualified as functional and participatory, and the parties agreed that such a society entailed the pre-eminence of civil society, the development of democratic institutions, the functioning of the state as a subject to the rule of law, the subordination of the armed forces to civilian authority, the respect for human rights and the indigenous people’s rights and the enjoyment for all of the benefits of national production. However, no details were provided on implementation, nor were a concrete timetable proposed. Nor was any progress made on core human rights issues such as the establishment of a truth commission, the abolition of the Civil Defence Patrols or forced conscription.

The agreement also stated that there should be an effective resettlement of uprooted population groups.
Signatories: For the Government: Manuel E. CONDE ORELLANA Fernando HUTADO PREM Brigader General Mario René ENRIQUEZ M. Colonel Marco Antonio GONZALEZ T Rubén Amilcar BURGOS SOLIS Manolo BENDFELDT ALEJOS Brigader General josé D. GARCIA SAMAYOA Julio Arnoldo BALCONI TURCIOS Ernesto VITERI ECHEVERRIA José Luis ASENSIO AGUIRRE

For URNG: Commander Rolando MORÁN Commander Pablo MONSANTO Commander Gaspar ILÓM Political and Diplomatic Commission Luis Becker GUZMAN Miguel Angel SANDOVAL Francisco VILLAGRAN MUÑOZ Mario CASTAÑeda

For the National Reconciliation Commission: Teresa BOLAÑOS DE ZARCO Mario PERMUTH LISTWA Oliverio GARCIA RODAS Alfonso CABERA HIDALGO Monsignor Rodolfo QUEZADA TORUÑO

Full-text peace agreement

1992

Primary Parties: Government of Guatemala - URNG
Dimension: Internal

Estimated Fatalities
High	95
Best	67
Low	67

Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year

1993

Primary Parties: Government of Guatemala - URNG
Dimension: Internal

Estimated Fatalities
High	86
Best	58
Low	58

Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year

1994

Primary Parties: Government of Guatemala - URNG
Dimension: Internal

Estimated Fatalities
High	39
Best	37
Low	37

Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year

Peace agreements

Name of peace agreement: The Framework Agreement for the Resumption of Negotiations between the Government of Guatemala and the Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity
Date when warring parties signed the agreement: 1994-01-10
Comment of peace agreement: Peace process agreement This peace process agreement restarts the negotiations in the Guatemalan peace process, negotiations that had stranded in 1993 due to incompatible platforms for negotiations.

The parties agreed to hold new negotiations on the issues outlined in the Mexico Agreement, and to adhere to the procedures of negotiations drawn up in the Queretaro Agreement.

Further the parties agreed that Guatemalan society had played and would continue to play an essential role in the peace process. For this reason the parties agreed to promote the creation of civil assembly that would discuss issues to be included in the coming negotiations.

Lastly the verification mission for the UN was reaffirmed.
Signatories: For Government of the Republic of Guatemala: Héctor ROSADA GRANADOS General Marco Antonio GONZALEZ T. Mario PERMUTH LITSWA General Victor Manuel ARGUETA V. Max KESTLER FARNES Colonel Victor Manuel VENTURA A. Antonio ARENALES FORNO Ernesto VITERI ECHEVERRIA

For the Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca General Command: Commander Gaspar ILOM Commander Pablo MONSANTO Commander Rolando MORAN

Political and Diplomatic Commission Luis Becker GUZMAN Miguel Angel SANDOVAL Mario Vinicio CASTA„EDA

For the United Nations Jean ARNAULT
Comment of signatories: Comprehensive peace agreement
Third parties: UN, Colombia, Mexico, Norway, Spain, the US and Venezuela and a broad Civil Sociaty Assembly (ASC).
Comment of third parties role in peace agreement: UN observer Jean Arnault was appointed moderator of the talks. Colombia, Mexico, Norway, Spain, the US and Venezuela were invited to be friendly country guarantors of the peace process. The UN was assigned responsibility for verification. A broad Civil Society Assembly (ACS) was charged with discussing the substantive themes, making recommendations to the negotiators and ratifying all accords.

Full-text peace agreement

Name of peace agreement: The Agreement on a Timetable for Negotiations on a Firm and Lasting Peace in Guatemala
Date when warring parties signed the agreement: 1994-03-29
Comment of peace agreement: Peace process agreement

The Agreement on a Timetable for Negotiations on a Firm and Lasting Peace in Guatemala fixed a schedule for negotiations. Although the agenda was scrupulously respected by both parties, the negotiation process extended two years beyond its anticipated completion date of December 1994.
Signatories: For the Government of the Republic of Guatemala: Héctor ROSADA GRANADOS General Carlos Enrique PINEDA CARRANZA Antonio F. ARENALES FORNO General Julio Arnoldo BALCONI TURCIOS Mario PERMUTH General José Horacio SOTO SALAN Ernesto VITERI ECHEVERRIA

For the Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca General Command: Commander Pablo MONSANTO Commander Gaspar ILOM Commander Rolando MORAN Carlos GONZALES

Political and Diplomatic Commission Luis Felipe BECKER GUZMAN Francisco VILLAGRAN MUÑOZ Miguel Angel SANDOVAL VASQUEZ Mario Vinicio CASTAÑEDA PAZ Adviser

For the United Nations: Marrack GOULDING Under-Secretary-General Jean ARNAULT Moderator
Comment of signatories: Comprehensive peace agreement
Third parties: Mexico, UN

Full-text peace agreement

Name of peace agreement: The Comprehensive Agreement on Human Rights
Date when warring parties signed the agreement: 1994-03-29
Comment of peace agreement: Partial peace agreement The first agreement signed in the renewed Guatemalan peace process, not counting the timetable agreement, was the Comprehensive Agreement on Human Rights, aimed at strengthening the proliferation of democratic values and respect for the individual throughout Guatemalan society.

The government agreed to adhere to the principles and norms of human rights, and to implement measures and institutions to promote and perfect these norms. The agreement also contained a commitment against impunity, and a commitment to abolish illegal security forces. In addition to this the government was charged with a purification and professionalization of its own security forces. Force conscription was also abolished.

The United Nations was chosen to function as a verification mechanism, to receive and follow-up on alleged violations of human rights.
Signatories: For the Government of the Republic of Guatemala Héctor ROSADA GRANADOS General Carlos Enrique PINEDA CARRANZA Antonio F. ARENALES FORNO General Julio Arnoldo BALCONI TURCIOS Mario PERMUTH General José Horacio SOTO SALAN Ernesto VITERI ECHEVERRIA

For the Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca General Command Commander Pablo MONSANTO Commander Gaspar ILOM Commander Rolando MORAN Carlos GONZALES

Political and Diplomatic Commission Luis Felipe BECKER GUZMAN Francisco VILLAGRAN MUÑOZ (Miguel Angel SANDOVAL VASQUEZ Mario Vinicio CASTAÑEDA PAZ

For the United Nations Marrack GOULDING Under-Secretary-GeneralJean ARNAULT Moderator
Comment of signatories: Comprehensive peace agreement
Third parties: UN, the Catholic Church
Comment of third parties role in peace agreement: The verification role of a UN mission was defined to encompass all human rights violations committed by either side after its inauguration. Once the agreement was signed, Bishop Quezada and the Catholic Church acted immediately to accelerate the creation of the Civil Society Assembly (ASC).

Full-text peace agreement

Name of peace agreement: The Agreement on the Resettlement of Population Groups Uprooted by the Armed Conflict
Date when warring parties signed the agreement: 1994-06-17
Comment of peace agreement: Partial peace agreement This agreement focused mainly on a strategy to promote the return of those uprooted by the internal conflict.An extensive strategy was created in order to promote the return of those displaced, and the government committed itself to guarantee the conditions necessary for the safe return of the internally displaced to their places of origin or to another place of their choice, to promote the return of land abandoned by uprooted populations, and to involve them in the design and implementation of a comprehensive reintegration plan. The government also assumed responsibility for decentralizing the state and strengthening municipal government and to request UN support in the design and funding of projects resulting from the accord
Signatories: For the Government of the Republic of Guatemala: Héctor ROSADA GRANADOS General Carlos Enrique PINEDA CARRANZA Antonio M. ARENALES FORNO General Julio Arnoldo BALCONI TURCIOS Mario PERMUTH General José Horacio SOTO SALAN Amilcar BURGOS SOLIS

For the Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca General Command: Carlos GONZALES Commander Rolando MORAN Commander Gaspar ILOM Commander Pablo MONSANTO

Political and Diplomatic Commission Luis Felipe BECKER GUZMAN Miguel Angel SANDOVAL Francisco VILLAGRAN MUÑOZ Luz MENDEZ GUTIERREZ Advisers Mario Vinicio CASTAÑEDA Miguel Angel REYES Jorge ROSAL

For the United Nations Jean ARNAULT Moderator
Comment of signatories: Comprehensive peace agreement
Third parties: Norway, UN

Full-text peace agreement

Name of peace agreement: The Agreement for the Establishment of the Commission to Clarify Past Human Rights Violations and Acts of Violence that have Caused the Guatemalan Population to Suffer
Date when warring parties signed the agreement: 1994-06-23
Comment of peace agreement: Partial peace agreement This agreement defined a process for investigating human rights abuses which took place between the beginning of the war and the signing of the final peace agreement and for producing recommendations contributing to national reconciliation. Findings would not individualise responsibility for crimes and recommendations would not be legally binding. The Commission would not have any powers of search, seizure or subpoena and would operate behind closed doors. The content and sources of received information would not be made public. The accord drew sharp criticism from human rights groups and popular organisations. It also did not live up the the expectations of many URNG militants and supporters and produced discontent within the organisation.
Signatories: For the Government of the Republic of Guatemala: Héctor ROSADA GRANADOS General Carlos Enrique PINEDA CARRANZA Antonio M. ARENALES FORNO General Julio Arnoldo BALCONI TURCIOS Mario PERMUTH General José Horacio SOTO SALAN Amilcar BURGOS SOLIS

For the Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca General Command: Carlos GONZALES Commander Rolando MORAN Commander Gaspar ILOM Commander Pablo MONSANTO

Political and Diplomatic Commission Luis Felipe BECKER GUZMAN Miguel Angel SANDOVAL Francisco VILLAGRAN MU„OZ Luz MENDEZ GUTIERREZ

Advisers: Mario Vinicio CASTA„EDA Miguel Angel REYES Jorge ROSAL

For the United Nations: Jean ARNAULT Moderator
Comment of signatories: Comprehensive peace agreement
Third parties: Norway

Full-text peace agreement

1995

Primary Parties: Government of Guatemala - URNG
Dimension: Internal

Estimated Fatalities
High	27
Best	27
Low	21

Numbers include fatalities for all dyads both active and inactive for this year

Peace agreements

Name of peace agreement: The Agreement on the Identity and Rights of Indigenous Peoples
Date when warring parties signed the agreement: 1995-03-31
Comment of peace agreement: Partial peace agreement This peace process agreement included four chapters outlining wide-ranging commitments to recognize the identity of indigenous peoples, to eliminate discrimination against them and to guarantee their cultural, civil, political, social and economic rights.The accord also established five commissions that were to allow for a strengthening of the groups rights of the indigenous people. The indigenous peoples were to gain recognition of their customary law, listing of indigenous languages as recognized, laws against discrimination, and incorporation of their cultural values and norms into the educational system. Also, land reforms were to be enacted to give land to the indigenous peoples and those who lack the right to own land.

The agreement also stated that there would be a devolution of powers from the state level to regional and municipal levels of government. The reform would enable the indigenous communities to manage their internal affairs within a framework of municipal authority. The powers were to include economic development, health, education and culture. Further there would be a strengthening, within the municipalities, of indigenous customary law to enable them to govern themselves through their own cultural norms.

This accord was unique in Latin-American history and received a cautious welcome from the Co-ordination of Organizations of Mayan People in Guatemala (COPMAGUA).
Signatories: For the Government of the Republic of Guatemala: [Signed] Héctor ROSADA GRANADOS [Signed] Brigadier General Carlos Enrique PINEDA CARRANZA [Signed] Antonio ARENALES FORNO [Signed] Brigadier General Julio Arnoldo BALCONI TURCIOS [Signed] Mario PERMUTH [Signed] Brigadier General José Horacio SOTO SALAN [Signed] Rubén Amilcar BURGOS SOLIS [Signed] Manuel SALAZAR TETZAGUIC

For the Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca: General Command Commander Gaspar ILÓM Commander Rolando MORÁN Commander Pablo MONSANTO Carlos GONZALES

Political and Diplomatic Commission Luis Felipe BECKER GUZMAN Miguel Angel SANDOVAL Francisco VILLAGRAN MUÑOZLuz MENDEZ GUTIERREZ Advisers Mario Vinicio CASTAÑEDA Miguel Angel REYES

For the United Nations: Gilberto Bueno SCHLITTLER-SILVA Director, Guatemala Unit Jean ARNAULT Moderator
Comment of signatories: Comprehensive peace agreement
Third parties: UN (MINUGUA)
Comment of third parties role in peace agreement: All elements of this agreement that related to human rights went into effect upon its signing and was verified by the United Nations Mission for the Verification of Human Rights and of Compliance with the Commitments of the Comprehensive Agreement on Human Rights in Guatemala (MINUGUA).

Full-text peace agreement

1996

Primary Parties: -
Dimension: Internal

Estimated Fatalities
High	13
Best	13
Low	13

Name of peace agreement: The Agreement on Constitutional Reforms and the Electoral Regime
Date when warring parties signed the agreement: 1996-12-07
Comment of peace agreement: Partial peace agreement In the Agreement on Constitutional Reforms and the Electoral Regime the parties agreed to prepare the legislative acts that would validate the agreements reached on the armed forces, human rights, decentralization and the rights of the indigenous peoples. These proposals were to be placed before the Congress within 60 days of the signing of the Agreement on a Firm and Lasting Peace.

The agreement also provided for the establishment by the Supreme Electoral Council of an Electoral Reform Commission to review and modernise the electoral process with the aim of correcting injustices within the system.
Signatories: For the Government of Guatemala: Gustavo PORRASCASTEJÓN Otto PÉREZ MOLINA Raquel ZELAYA ROSALES Richard AITKENHEAD CASTILLO

For the Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca: Carlos GONZALES Commander Rolando MORÁN Commander Pablo MONSANTO Jorge ROSAL

For the United Nations: Jean ARNAULT
Comment of signatories: Comprehensive peace agreement
Third parties: United Nations

Full-text peace agreement

Name of peace agreement: The Agreement on the Basis for the Legal Integration of the URNG
Date when warring parties signed the agreement: 1996-12-12
Comment of peace agreement: Partial peace agreement This agreement contained the specifications for URNG’s transformation into a political party, and the modalities for the integration into normal civilian life for URNG members.

The agreement established the legal procedure for the integration of URNG combatants into civilian life. A comprehensive package of programs for the URNG was agreed upon, with vocational training, education, housing, health, legal assistance and economic projects. It enabled the establishment of a joint government/URNG "Integration Commission" to co-ordinate and facilitate integration projects.

The agreement also established a National Reconciliation Act that would clarify past human rights violations and make extinct criminal liability for URNG combatants.
Signatories: For the Government of Guatemala: Gustavo PORRAS CASTEJÓN Otto PÉREZ MOLINA Brigadier-General Richard AITKENHEAD CASTILLO Raquel ZELAYA ROSALES

For the Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca: Commander Pablo MONSANTO Commander Rolando MORÁN Carlos GONZALES Jorge ROSAL

For the United Nations:Jean ARNAULT
Comment of signatories: Comprehensive peace agreement
Third parties: Spain, UN

Full-text peace agreement

Name of peace agreement: The Agreement for a Firm and Lasting Peace
Date when warring parties signed the agreement: 1996-12-29
Comment of peace agreement: Full peace agreement This peace agreement triggered the implementation of all the previous agreements and bound them into a comprehensive nationwide agenda for peace.

In short the final outcome of the peace process were far-reaching reforms of Guatemalan society. The armed forces were subjected to purification and retraining under a new doctrine, the rights of indigenous peoples were recognized, land and social reforms were enacted for the good of the landless and poor, democracy was supposedly strengthened and a decentralization of authority was enacted.

For further details, consult the process agreements leading up to the signing of this comprehensive peace deal.
Signatories: For the Government of Guatemala: Gustavo PORRAS CASTEJÓN Otto PÉREZ-MOLINA Brigadier-General Raquel ZELAYA ROSALES Richard AITKENHEAD CASTILLO

For the Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional Guatemalteca: Ricardo RAMÍREZ DE LEÓN (Commander Rolando MORÁN) Jorge Ismael SOTO GARCÍA (Commander Pablo MONSAN TO) Ricardo ROSALES ROMÁN (Carlos GONZÁLES) Jorge Edilberto ROSAL MELÉNDEZ

For the United Nations:Boutros BOUTROS-GHALI
Comment of signatories: Comprehensive peace agreement
Third parties: Sweden, UN
Comment of third parties role in peace agreement: The agreement was signed in Stockholm. UN was to verify the agreement.

Full-text peace agreement

Name of peace agreement: The Agreement on the Implementation, Compliance and Verification Timetable for the Peace Agreements
Date when warring parties signed the agreement: 1996-12-29
Comment of peace agreement: Partial peace agreement / Timetable agreement

This peace process agreement was a detailed guide for the implementation of all commitments undertaken since 1994. It set out a calendar for their phased implementation from 1997 to the end of 2000 and for the establishment of a Follow-up Commission to ensure that the process is carried out effectively. The mandate of the Commission for Historical Clarification was set for six months, renewable for a further six.
Signatories: For the Government of Guatemala: Gustavo PORRAS CASTEJÓN Richard AITKENHEAD CASTILLO Raquel ZELAYA ROSALES Otto PÉREZ MOLINA Brigadier General

For the Unidad Revolucionaria National Guatemalteca: Jorge E. ROSAL MELÉNDEZ Ricardo RAMÍREZ DE LEÓN (Commander Rolando MORÁN) Jorge Ismael SOTO GARCÍA Ricardo ROSALES ROMÁN (Commander Pablo MONSANTO) (Carlos GONZÁLES)

For the United Nations: Jean ARNAULT
Comment of signatories: Comprehensive peace agreement
Third parties: UN
Comment of third parties role in peace agreement: The agreement requested that the UN established a mission to verify all the agreements, into which MINUGUA was to be absorbed.

Full-text peace agreement

Terminated: YES
Type of termination: Peace Agreement
Date of termination: 1995-12-31
Comment on Termination: After 1995 the conflict did not cause 25 battle-related deaths. The Agreement on the Identity and Rights of Indigenous Peoples was signed in March 1995; however, the Agreement on a Firm and Lasting Peace signed on 29 December 1996 triggered the implementation of all the previous agreements and bound them into a comprehensive nationwide agenda for peace.
Comment on Termination Date: 1995 was the last active year causing 25 battle-related deaths. Although a peace agreement was signed during the year, the Agreement on a Firm and Lasting Peace signed in 1996 should be seen as the agreement terminating the conflict.

1996 Conflict Archive

Comment on Third Party Involvement: On 6-7 February representatives from URNG and the Guatemalan Government met in Oslo under the guidance of Norwegian foreign ministry, for informal talks to try to revive stalled peace negotiations. On 22-23 February the parties met in Mexico and discussed, under UN mediation, a new timetable to speed up the slow process. The Guatemalan President met with URNG rebels. This was a part of the Presidents two-day visit in Mexico on February 24-25 and he bid the rebels to strengthen the peace talks. On 27-30 March the Guatemalan Government and URNG met in Mexico and discussed social reforms and further talks and on 6 May they met in Mexico, under UN mediation, and held talks about the socio-economic aspects and the agrarian Situation. "The Agreement on Socio-economic Aspects and the Agrarian Situation" was signed the same day.

On 21-23 June the parties met and discussed the the role of the army within the government, its constitutional functions, its modernisation strategy and its presence in the territory continued in Mexico with UN present this time. They also discussed further talks. 5-6 August the future political life of URNG and post-war changes to the army was discussed in Mexico. On a couple of occasions in September UN mediated talks in Mexico on the question of strengthening civilian government in Guatemala and reducing the role of the army. On 19 September "the Agreement on the Strengthening of civilian Power and the Role of the Armed Forces in a Democratic Society" was signed.

UN mediated talks between the Guatemalan Government and URNG in Mexico in October and November. The parties discussed the future of guerrilla fighters, the return of the guerrilla to the nations political life and a definitive bilateral ceasefire. They also set the date for signing the final peace agreement to December 29, 1996. On 4 December - "The Agreement on a Definitive Ceasefire" was signed in Oslo. On 12 December "the Agreement on the Basis for the Legal Integration of the URNG" was signed in Madrid and on 29 December "the Agreement on the Implementation, Compliance and Verification Timetable for the Peace Agreements" was signed in Guatemala City under UN was presence.

Victory: NO

Terminated: NO

Uppsala Conflict Data Program

Department of Peace and Conflict Research

Guatemala: Government