SUMMARY

Mayi Mayi Kabido, also known as FPP-AP (Forces patriotiques populaires, Armée du people, People's Patriotic Forces, People's Army) was a mainly Nande ethnic group formed as a splinter faction from Mayi Mayi Mazembe in August 2018 after disagreeing on how to handle NDC-R, that Kasereka Kasyano also known as Kabido considered as an enemy.

Mayi Mayi Kabido was active in Southern Lubero. When the group splintered from Mayi Mayi Mazembe in 2018 it established an area of influence around Mbughavinywa where they had their headquarters, Kanyatsi, and Pitakongo. In this area they found the support from the local Mighobwe chapter of the Kyaghanda Yira as well as some former Corps de Christ members. In 2020 the group managed to take control over several key mine sites from NDC-R in Southern Lubero, such as Buleusa.

Mayi Mayi Kabido was estimated to consist of 200-300 combatants in 2021.

The leader of Mayi Mayi Kabido was Kasereka Kasyano who was born in Kateku, Ikobo groupement, Walikale territory. He became part of his first Mayi Mayi group called Mayi Mayi Kadaga in 2000 when he worked under Ushindi, who was producing the dawa (the holy water giving combatants extra strength, protection and invisibility). When Ushindidied, Kabido became a féticheur, a role he had in PARECO. After PARECO was demobilized, Kabido left armed movements until he joined UPCP around 2012. After UPCP he left armed movements again before becoming a féticheur in Mayi Mayi Corps du Christ around 2016 before joining Mayi Mayi Mazembe who he left as Mayi Mayi Kabido splintered from the group.

Although Mayi Mayi Kabido splintered from Mayi Mayi Mazembe the two groups also collaborated. Kabido continued to oppose the alliance of Mai-Mai Mazembe with NDC and killed the group killed the Mazembe leader Kitete Bushu in July 2020 as he was trying to rally the group to the NDC-R led by Guidon after the NDC-R split.

NDC-R-GBS (Nduma Défense du Congo – Rénové Gilbert Bwira Shuo, Reformed Nduma Defence of Congo Gilbert Bwira Shuo) was formed as a splinter faction from NDC-R in July 2020 after the deputy commander of NDC-R, Gilbert Bwira Shuo, accused the leader of NDC-R, Guidon Shimiray Mwissa, of "deviant behavior" and criticized him for human rights abuses. Guidon had been put on the United Nations sanctions list in 2018 and the group had started to lose government support. Guidon was also blamed of sharing resources gained through mineral trade and taxes, unequally.

NDC-R-GBS members were mainly ethnic Nyanga. The group was headquartered in Irameso in Walikale territory. The main objective of NDC-R-GBS was to integrate into the national army of DR Congo (FARDC) but they were also involved in fighting foes in the Nord Kivu province and they continued to be involved in the mining business.

NDC-R-GBS was a supporter of and was supported by parts of the Congolese army in its military campaigns. Bwira was arrested in September 2021 after FARDC lost trust in him. After the arrest of Bwira NDC-R-GBS was led by Mapinzi Likuwe, the former leader of APCLS-R. On 9 May 2022, NDC-R-GBS led by Mapenzi, joined a coalition ARP (later VDP), to support the Government of DR Congo in its conflict against M23.