General information
Part of Conflict: Chad: Government
Comment on date of first stated goal of incompatibility: There was a stated goal of incompatibility during the end of the conflict, on 14 September 1993. On this date the CSNP proclaimed that they wanted the introduction of a federal political system in the country. They furthermore demanded that the Republican Guard and Muslim fundamentalist mercenaries to be withdrawn from the whole of the southern part of Chad. Finally, they wanted damages to be paid to victims of the August 1992 and early 1993 tribal massacres and arrest those responsible for the atrocities. However, because of the complex nature of the Chadian conflict, due to the large number of parties and lack of sources, Chad has been treated as an exceptional case. The same strict definitions have therefore not been used as in other conflicts, whereby fighting that has preceded the stated goal of incompatibility has been included.
Date of first use of armed force: 1992-02-21
Comment on date of first use of armed force: On this date elements within the national army, later calling themselves the Committee of National Revival for Peace and Democracy (CSNPD), attacked a police station in NDjamena. The government, and some commentators, called the action a coup attempt, while others just described the event as the action of dissatisfied soldiers.
First Battle Related Death: 1992-02-21
Comment on First Battle Related Death: On this date elements within the national army, later calling themselves the Committee of National Revival for Peace and Democracy (CSNPD), attacked a police station in NDjamena. The government, and some commentators, called the action a coup attempt, while others just described the event as the action of dissatisfied soldiers. 13 people were killed in the clash.
Date when dyad reached 25 battle releated deaths: 1992-08-17
Comment on date when dyad reached 25 battle related deaths: Except for the initial violence in February 1992, when 13 people were killed, it has only been possible to find one clash which is said to have led to battle-related deaths in 1992. This probably occurred in August 1992. On 17 August 1992 the government claimed that fighters from the Committee of National Revival for Peace and Democracy (CSNPD) clashed with government troops, killing 5 soldiers and 13 rebels.
Conflict issues
Conflict Goal Issues: Comite national du salut pour la paix et la democratie, Committee of National Revival for Peace and Democracy (CSNPD), was a federalist rebel group fighting against the government of Chad. The group emerged in 1992 and stated its first conflict goal issues in 1993 when the group called for the federalization of the Chadian state structure, the disbandment of para-military forces, the withdrawal of military forces, and the provision of basic needs to the Chadian people.
As the conflict progressed, only the issue of federalism was explicitly reemphasized by CSNPD. During 1994, the group also stated several new conflict goal issues. The group stated its opposition to a proposed constitution due to its non-democratic drafting, which also indicated the group’s commitment to improving the Chadian democracy. The group also called for protection of religious rights, freedom of association, and freedom of movement. CSNPD also stated its opposition to exploitation of natural resources and for the revenues of oil to be beneficial for the Chadian people, rather than just the Chadian, French, and American governments. Finally, the group called for the holding of a referendum to determine the future state structure of the Chadian state structure, stating its commitment to holding a democratic referendum to decide whether the group should continue its struggle for federalism or “return to the unitary model.”
The main conflict goal issue for CSNPD was the issue of federalism. This issue was continuously and frequently mentioned in communications from the group and was heavily emphasized to the point it largely made up the ideological motivations of the group.
Conflict Dynamics Issues: In 1993, CSNPD stated several conflict dynamics issues. The group accused the government of military misconduct and of conducting a scorched earth policy and a genocide against Chadian civilians on ethnic basis: “Men, women, children and old people are being cut down in cold blood”. Based on this, the group also called for the deployment of foreign peacekeeping troops into the region, whilst also calling for the withdrawal of Muslim mercenaries which allegedly were present in the region.
In 1994, the group reemphasized its accusations regarding atrocities against the civilian population, stating that a massacre in Beboungai had been committed by government troops as “reprisals carried out by President Deby against the population because his troops suffered overwhelming defeats”.
The main issue for CSNPD pertaining to conflict dynamics was the allegations of massacres committed by government forces against the Chadian civilian population. This issue was continuously and frequently stated with heavy emphasis throughout the conflict.
Conflict Resolution Issues: In 1993, CSNPD called for several conflict resolution issuest. The group stated its intention to engage in negotiations with the government under the condition that negotiations were held outside of Chad. The group also called for an investigation to be conducted into a massacre to establish accountability for the offenders. Finally, CSNPD also called for monetary compensation for the Chadian people who had been denied revenues from oil resources by the government.
In 1994, the group reemphasized its commitment to continue negotiations with the government regarding the holding of a referendum for the future state structure of Chad but stated the condition of French presence at the negotiations. CSNPD also called for a ceasefire as another condition for negotiations to be held. Finally, in 1995, the group called for the government to adhere to an agreed upon peace agreement following accusations of “extortion and humiliation inflicted on innocent civilians”.
Whilst several issues were stated with continuity, no specific conflict resolution issue was particularly heavily emphasized by CSNPD throughout the conflict, which is why no main issue was interpreted for the group.
Type of conflict issues: The coded conflict issues for this group are: Conflict Goal Issues: Basic needs, Constitutional issues, CPS: Democracy, Disband para-military forces, Federalism, Freedom of association, Freedom of movement, Referendum, Religious rights, Restructure military forces, Revenues from natural resources
Conflict Dynamics Issues: Atrocities and abuses, Collective targeting: ethnic, DFI: Withdrawal of military intervention/foreign forces, IFI: Military intervention/foreign forces, Military conduct
Conflict Resolution Issues: Accountability/prosecution/investigation, Call for ceasefire, Call for negotiations, Compensation/restoration, Peace agreement implementation, Structure of negotiations
Annual information
This section contains annual information systematically collected by the UCDP.
1992
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 33 |
| Best | 33 |
| Low | 33 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Chad): n/a
Side B (CSNPD): n/a
1993
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 30 |
| Best | 30 |
| Low | 30 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Chad): n/a
Side B (CSNPD): n/a
1994
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 204 |
| Best | 100 |
| Low | 100 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Chad): n/a
Side B (CSNPD): n/a
Peace agreements
Name of peace agreement: Bangui-2 Agreement
Date when warring parties signed the agreement: 1994-08-11
Comment of peace agreement: Partial peace agreement
On 10 August 1994 the Chadian government signed a peace accord with the Committee of National Revival for Peace and Democracy (CSNPD) in Bangui, Central African Republic.
Conflict behaviour was regulated through proclaiming an immediate ceasefire, and through the government agreeing to withdraw their Republican Guard from the territory of Southern Chad. Also, the CSNPD agreed to end its armed struggle against the government. CSNPD fighters were to integrate into the national army as speedily as possible.
The two sides recognized the importance of brining CSNPD into the democratic process, and the CSNPD were allowed to become a political party. Lastly, a general amnesty was proclaimed by the government.
Signatories: The accord was signed by Moise Kette, leader of the Committee of National Revival for Peace and Democracy (CSNPD), and the Minister of the Army, Ali Absakire.
Comment of signatories: Dyadic peace agreement
The peace agreement was signed in Bangui, Central African Republic on 11 August 1994.
Third parties: Central African Republic, France, Gabon, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
Comment of third parties role in peace agreement: The agreement was mediated by the Central African Republic (CAR). A committee, made up of the CAR, France, Gabon and the UNHCR, was created whose purpose was to oversee the implementation of the agreement.
Ended: True
Date agreement ended: 2000-08-02
Comment of Duration: The agreement lasted for 6 years, July -early August (probably 2 August) 2000. After the agreement was signed CSNPD became a legal party and joined the government. In September 1994 the Higher Transitional Council adopted amnesties for the former fighters of CSNPD. The integration of former fighters into the army begun in November 1994. Kette was sacked from the government in 1996, but soon rejoined the government were he was security advisor until March 2000 when he again was removed from his position. A local paper reported on 3 August 2000 that government forces clashed with Committee of National Revival for Peace and Democracy (CSNPD) fighters, resulting in 2 deaths. Clashes against civilians were also reported. Kette was killed by the government forces in September 2000.
2000
| Estimated Fatalities | |
|---|---|
| High | 4 |
| Best | 4 |
| Low | 4 |
Secondary Warring Support:
Side A (Government of Chad): n/a
Side B (CSNPD): n/a
Dyad Archive
This section contains annual information no longer systematically collected by the UCDP.
1992 Dyad Archive
Negotiations: NO
Comment on Negotiations: Negotiations between CSNPD and the government set off on 23 April 1992. On 15 June 1992 before this dyad reached 25 battle-related deaths the government and CSNPD signed a ceasefire agreement in which CSNPD was allowed back into the ranks of the regular army. The agreement which was signed at Beboto, near the border with CAR, provided for the release of all prisoners arrested in the February incidents and included an amnesty for the approximately 3000 rebel soldiers.
A new agreement was signed in September following mediation by Mgr Michele Russo, the Bishop of Doba. CSNPD agreed to gather their troops in Moundou from 26 September and to release nine hostages.
Victory: NO
Terminated: NO
1993 Dyad Archive
Negotiations: NO
Comment on Negotiations: In October Kette declared CSNPD was open to new negotiations with the government.
Victory: NO
Terminated: NO
1994 Dyad Archive
Negotiations: YES
Comment on Negotiations: In February 1994 the Committee of National Revival for Peace and Democracy (CSNPD) held talks with government representatives in Bangui, Central African Republic. The talks resulted in an agreement signed in Bangui stipulating ceasefire and the immediate withdrawal of the Republican Guard from southern Chad. The agreement was never fully implemented and the talks broke off when CSNPD continued to demand the organization of a referendum on federalism in Chad. Negotiations resumed on 4 August 1994. After seven days of negotiations an accord was reached on 11 August. The talks concerned the implementation of a ceasefire, withdrawal of government troops from southern Chad, the formal abandonment of the armed struggle by the CSNPD, incorporation of CSNPD fighters into the national army and the legalisation of the CSNPD as a political party.
Victory: NO
Terminated: YES
Type of termination: Peace Agreement
Date of termination: 1994-08-11
Comment on Termination: On 11 August 1994 the Chadian government signed a peace accord with the Committee of National Revival for Peace and Democracy (CSNPD), which ended the hostilities between the belligerents.
2000 Dyad Archive
Negotiations: NO
Victory: NO
Terminated: NO
